Crystal Structure of Y29F mutant of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin

IJCRT - International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 2021

International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 1369 as Beams, columns & slabs)The main parameters consider in this study to compare effect of Indian seismic zones(Zone II (Mumbai) & Zone IV (Nagpur)) on the seismic performance of (G+ 10) high rise multi-storey building structure with methods of seismic analysis. Analytical results are compared to achieve the most suitable earthquake resisting & economic structure against the lateral forces. 1. Modelling of 10-storey building and application of different loads on STAAD-Pro. 2. The main objective is to check Seismic response on shapes of buildings via rectangular shape, and square shape in different Zones of India and design earthquake resistant multi-storeyed building on that basis using STAAD-Pro software. 3. Seismic analysis of multi-storied building before construction work using STAAD-Pro software 4. Study of reactions, shear forces, axial force, bending moment, seismic forces and node displacement during assigning process And restrained them by applying suitable property and material in different zones.

Urban regions are rapidly developing with huge buildings of different kind in which most common used is reinforced cement concrete framed structure. To have a safer stability of R.C.C structure the structural design should be run accordance with the codal provision with respective to the country. To understand the methodology and procedure for the analysis, a commercial multi-storied R.C.C building is of G+2 which is situated in sangareddy, dist is taken into consideration for the analysis. Manually the tributary loads distribution of floors to corresponding beams has been done, one of the frame of the building has been selected, and all the necessary loads have been worked out and distributed with respect to the storey levels. Manually linear static analysis has been done using KANI'S method of rotational contribution. The frame is also analyzed in SAP2000v17.3, and all the important results, such as major bending moment, major shear force and axial loads have been calculated and a comparison is made between manual calculations and SAP2000.

We know R.C structural system are most common nowadays in urban regions with multi-bay and multi-storeys, keeping its importance in urban regions especially, A building situated in Hyderabad which is G+2 in height, has been taken for the study, manually the tributary loads distribution of floors to corresponding beams have been done, middle frame of the building has been selected because max amount of floor loads will be transfer on this, all the necessary loads have been worked out and distributed with respect to storey levels. Manually linear static analysis has been done using KANI'S Method of Rotational contribution. The frame also model in SAP2000 V17.3, and all the important results, such as major bending moment major shear force and axial loads have been calculated and a comparison between Manual calculations and SAP2000V17.3 has been made.

Presence of infill walls in the frames alters the behaviour of the building under lateral loads. Engineers believe that analysis without considering infill stiffness leads to a conservative design. But this may not be always true, especially for vertically irregular buildings with discontinuous infill walls. Indian Standard IS 1893: 2002 allows analysis of open ground storey buildings without considering infill stiffness but with a multiplication factor 2.5 in compensation for the stiffness discontinuity. However, as experienced by the engineers at design offices, the multiplication factor of 2.5 is not realistic. This calls for an assessment and review of the code recommended multiplication factor. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is defined as to check the applicability of the multiplication factor of 2.5 and to study the effect of infill strength and stiffness in the seismic analysis. (G+3, G+6, G+9) located in Seismic Zone building is analyzed for different cases: (a) Bare frame (b) Infilled frame (c) open first storey (d) open first storey with adjacent side infill (e) Centre opening (10%, 20% and 30%) (f) Corner opening (10%, 20% and 30%). Total 60 models were considered. Infill stiffness was modeled using a diagonal strut approach. Two different support conditions, namely fixed and hinged end support condition, are considered to check the effect of support conditions in the multiplication factors. Linear and non analyses were carried out and the results were compared.The analysis results show that Magnification factor varies almost linearly with the height of the building. The increase in the opening percentage leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. Opening at corner shows more lateral stiffness then Centre opening. Nonlinear analysis reveals that open ground storey building fails through a ground storey mechanism at a com nonlinear analyses show that support condition influences the response considerably and can be an important parameter to decide the multiplication factor. Presence of infill walls in the frames alters the behaviour of the building under lateral loads. Engineers believe that analysis without considering infill stiffness leads conservative design. But this may not be always true, especially for vertically irregular buildings with discontinuous infill walls. Indian Standard IS 1893: 2002 allows analysis of open ground storey buildings without considering infill stiffness but h a multiplication factor 2.5 in compensation for the stiffness discontinuity. However, as experienced by the engineers at design offices, the multiplication factor of 2.5 is not realistic. This calls for an assessment and review of the code ltiplication factor. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is defined as to check the applicability of the multiplication factor of 2.5 and to study the effect of infill strength and stiffness in the seismic analysis. RC framed multistorey building G+6, G+9) located in Seismic Zone-V is considered for this study. This building is analyzed for different cases: (a) Bare frame (b) Infilled frame (c) open first storey (d) open first storey with adjacent side infill (e) Centre opening (10%, 20% and (f) Corner opening (10%, 20% and 30%). Total 60 models were considered. Infill stiffness was modeled using a diagonal strut approach. Two different support conditions, namely fixed and hinged end support condition, are considered to check port conditions in the multiplication factors. Linear and non analyses were carried out and the results were compared.The analysis results show that Magnification factor varies almost linearly with the height of the building. The ning percentage leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. Opening at corner shows more lateral stiffness then Centre opening. Nonlinear analysis reveals that open ground storey building fails through a ground storey mechanism at a comparatively low base shear and displacement. Linear and nonlinear analyses show that support condition influences the response considerably and can be an important parameter to decide the multiplication factor. Presence of infill walls in the frames alters the behaviour of the building under lateral loads. Engineers believe that analysis without considering infill stiffness leads conservative design. But this may not be always true, especially for vertically irregular buildings with discontinuous infill walls. Indian Standard IS 1893: 2002 allows analysis of open ground storey buildings without considering infill stiffness but h a multiplication factor 2.5 in compensation for the stiffness discontinuity. However, as experienced by the engineers at design offices, the multiplication factor of 2.5 is not realistic. This calls for an assessment and review of the code ltiplication factor. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is defined as to check the applicability of the multiplication factor of 2.5 and to study the effect of RC framed multistorey building V is considered for this study. This building is analyzed for different cases: (a) Bare frame (b) Infilled frame (c) open first storey (d) open first storey with adjacent side infill (e) Centre opening (10%, 20% and (f) Corner opening (10%, 20% and 30%). Total 60 models were considered. Infill stiffness was modeled using a diagonal strut approach. Two different support conditions, namely fixed and hinged end support condition, are considered to check port conditions in the multiplication factors. Linear and non-linear analyses were carried out and the results were compared.The analysis results show that Magnification factor varies almost linearly with the height of the building. The ning percentage leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. Opening at corner shows more lateral stiffness then Centre opening. Nonlinear analysis reveals that open ground storey building fails through a ground paratively low base shear and displacement. Linear and nonlinear analyses show that support condition influences the response considerably seismic analysis, infill walls, lateral loads, Multistorey building

As per the codal provisions, a soft storey is defined as the storey in which the stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above or less than 80% of the combined stiffnesses of the three storeys above. It is the general practice in the multistoreyed buildings to accommodate parking facilities for the vehicles of the occupants of the building. As we know that the soft storey in a building structure causes stiffness irregularity in a structure, due to this the structure undergoes unequal storey drifts, formation of the plastic hinges and then finally resulting into the collapse of the structure.This research work purely interacts with the effect of the soft storeys in the analysis of RC framed structures as entitled above, and in this work the soft storeys positions has been provided at different levels as shown in the analytical modelling. All the models are analyzed by using the ETABS software. The seismic analysis performed consists of the Equivalent static analysis (ESA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), and the push over analysis (PA). The seismic base shear forces, storey drifts, and the displacements has been compared with the three analysis methods as listed above. With the aid of the push over analysis the values of the ductility and the response reduction factor have been obtained. Apart from these, the performance point parameters such as spectral acceleration(Sa) , spectral displacement (Sd), Base shear(V) and the roof displacement(D) has been also illustrated in this work and a detailed information of several stages of the hinge formation (A,B,IO,LS,CP,C,D,E) has also been illustrated..

Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures are not designed to resist major or moderate earthquakes. The designs of such building are regularly done by using gravity loading without considering the earthquake load. Thus these buildings are vulnerable during the event of an earthquake.. In present study bare frame and soft storey are modeled considering special and ordinary moment resisting frame (SMRF & OMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. The masonry infill panels were modeled as equivalent diagonal strut seven and ten storey buildings are considered to represent medium and high rise buildings , equivalent static and response spectrum analysis was performed on bare frame, infill frames as brick and infill frame as solid concrete block using SAP 2000 V15 software. Nonlinear static pushover analysis carried out for default-hinge properties, M, PM, V and P hinges are applied to beam, column and strut available in some programs based on the FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. While such documents provide the hinge properties for several ranges of detailing, programs may implement averaged values. The performance of building frames were compared with bare frame, in terms of ductility, safety, and stiffness. The investigation concludes that the performance of the buildings having non-ductile moment resisting frames can be improved by adding infill walls and SMRF building models are found more resistant to earthquake loads as compared to the OMRF building models in terms of performance level, performance point and hinging variation the performance of building for OMRF lies in LS to CP range where as SMRF are found under life safety range ,this shows in high seismicity region the ductile detailing must be adopted to avoid the vulnerability of building for tremor loads.

Soft storey is the one of which the rigidity is lower than any further storeys due to the fact that it has not got the wall with the identical properties the other ones have. If vertical load bearing structural elements and the partitioning wall prolong in all the storeys, there is no soft storey in the construction. Soft storey in a building causes stiffness irregularity in a structure. Due to this the structures undergoes unequal storey drift, formation of plastic hinges and finally collapse. In this regard, this paper talks about the provided strength and stiffness to the building frame by modified soft storey provision in two ways, (i) By providing bracing as lateral load resisting system & (ii) By considering building model inclined to horizontal plane. Also study has been carried out to compare storey shear, storey drift and obtaining pushover curve for considered building models by using linear and nonlinear analysis.

Mr. Pratik M. Khambalkar

Soft storey or Open ground storey is a unavoidable feature in the multistorey building. It is open for the purpose of parking or reception lobbies. It is also called as stilts storey. A large number of buildings with soft storey have been built in India in recent year. But it gives poor performance during past earthquake. Therefore it is need to immediate measures to prevent the indiscriminate use of soft first storeys in buildings, which are designed without regard to the increased displacement and force demands in the first storey columns. So this project argue about provided strength and stiffness to the building frame by modified soft storey provision in two way, (i) By provide stiff column & (ii) By provide adjacent infill wall panel at each corner of building frame. And also studied, the comparisons of modified soft storey provisions with complete infill wall frame and bare frame models.

Indian urbanization has led to increase in demand for construction of commercial floors, parking facilities in the lower stories of building. The location of open storey at different levels in a building is most vulnerable to seismic forces which may lead to either partial damage or collapse of the building above that floor. The conventional design methods are not accountable for such failures in past earthquakes. In this article attempts are made to explain the factors that impact the soft storey failure in a building. Pushover analysis has been carried out for a G+9 multistoried building to study the soft storey effect at different floor levels using SAP 2000 software. The behavior of RC framed building with soft storey under seismic loading has been observed in terms of hinge formation patterns, total lateral drift, storey shear, overturning moment, and time period for considered structure. It is observed that infill wall has significant effect in the stiffness and lateral resistance of frame.

2016

Now a days with the increase of population in cities, the area available for residence as well as commercial purpose is very congested and people phase’s problem for parking, So for parking we left ground story openly called the soft storey (Fig.1) which doesn’t consist in-filled masonry walls to resist lateral forces which is induced on building due to earthquake. In our paper , we analyzed these kinds of buildings for seismic zones III and V of the India for same load conditions. We have done comparative study of collapse conditions (i.e. Bending moment, Shear force, Lateral displacement and Support reactions), with the help of Staad. Pro V8i software.