Rotating black holes without ℤ2 symmetry and their shadow images

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015

A large international effort is under way to assess the presence of a shadow in the radio emission from the compact source at the centre of our Galaxy, Sagittarius A * (Sgr A *). If detected, this shadow would provide the first direct evidence of the existence of black holes and that Sgr A * is a supermassive black hole. In addition, the shape of the shadow could be used to learn about extreme gravity near the event horizon and to determine which theory of gravity better describes the observations. The mathematical description of the shadow has so far used a number of simplifying assumptions that are unlikely to be met by the real observational data. We here provide a general formalism to describe the shadow as an arbitrary polar curve expressed in terms of a Legendre expansion. Our formalism does not presume any knowledge of the properties of the shadow, e.g. the location of its centre, and offers a number of routes to characterize the distortions of the curve with respect to reference circles. These distortions can be implemented in a coordinate-independent manner by different teams analysing the same data. We show that the new formalism provides an accurate and robust description of noisy observational data, with smaller error variances when compared to previous approaches for the measurement of the distortion.

Physical Review D, 2019

Physical Review D, 2012

We investigate the shadow cast by a rotating braneworld black hole, in the Randall-Sundrum scenario. In addition to the angular momentum, the tidal charge term deforms the shape of the shadow. For a given value of the rotation parameter, the presence of a negative tidal charge enlarges the shadow and reduces its deformation with respect to Kerr spacetime, while for a positive charge, the opposite effect is obtained. We also analyze the case in which the combination of the rotation parameter and the tidal charge results in a naked singularity. We discuss the observational prospects corresponding to the supermassive black hole at the Galactic center.

The European Physical Journal Plus

This work is devoted to the study of the optical properties of the charged-rotating-NUT-Kiselev (CRNK) black hole in the Rastall theory of gravity. By investigating the motion of photons in the CRNK black hole spacetime in the Rastall gravity we show that the deflection angle of photons due to the gravitational lensing is mostly influenced by the NUT charge, parameter of the equation of state for the quintessence and the quintessential intensity. We observe that the effects of the rest of the spacetime parameters are negligible on the deflection angle. We present the shape of the shadow cast by the CRNK black hole in the Rastall gravity for various values of the spacetime parameters. We demonstrate that spin parameter a of the black hole changes the position and size of the shadow of the black hole very little. While changing the values of the rest of the spacetime parameters can alter the shape and the size of the observed shadow of the black hole significantly. We observe that the radius of the black hole shadow and the deflection angle of photon are bigger for the CRNK black hole in the Rastall gravity, as compared with the case of the Kerr black hole. Lastly, we show how the spacetime parameters can change the observables Rs and δs, being the average radius of the shadow and the distortion parameter that measures the deviation of the shape of the shadow from a perfect circle with radius Rs, respectively. Our results show that in most scenarios, for bigger values of Rs we get smaller values of the parameter δs.

Physical Review D, 2020

In this work, starting from a spherically symmetric scale-dependent black hole, a rotating solution is obtained by following the Newman-Janis algorithm without complexification. Besides studying the horizon, the static conditions and causality issues of the rotating solution, we get and discuss the shape of its shadow.

arXiv: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 2016

We study the shadow of a charged rotating black hole in $f(R)$ gravity. This black hole is characterized by mass, $M$, spin, $a$, electric charge, $Q$ and $R_{0}$ which is proportional to cosmological constant. We analyze the image of the black hole's shadow in four types 1) at $r\rightarrow\infty$, 2) at $r\rightarrow r_{o}$, in vacuum, 3) at $r\rightarrow\infty$, 4) at $r\rightarrow r_{o}$, for an observer at the presence of plasma. Moreover, we investigate the effect of spin, charge and modfication of gravity on the shape of shadow. In addition, we use two observables, the radius $R_{s}$ and the distortion parameter $\delta_{s}$, characterizing the apparent shape. We show that for all cases, the shadow becomes smaller with increasing electric charge. Also, by increasing the rotation parameters, circular symmetry of the image of black hole's shadow will change. Furthermore, in the presence of plasma, plasma parameter also effects on size of the shadow.

Physical Review D, 2016

We study the shadows cast by the different types of rotating regular black holes viz. Ayón-Beato-García (ABG), Hayward, and Bardeen. These black holes have in addition to the total mass (M) and rotation parameter (a), different parameters as electric charge (Q), deviation parameter (g), and magnetic charge (g *), respectively. Interestingly, the size of the shadow is affected by these parameters in addition to the rotation parameter. We found that the radius of the shadow in each case decreases monotonically and the distortion parameter increases when the value of these parameters increase. A comparison with the standard Kerr case is also investigated. We have also studied the influence of the plasma environment around regular black holes to discuss its shadow. The presence of the plasma affects the apparent size of the regular black hole's shadow to be increased due to two effects (i) gravitational redshift of the photons and (ii) radial dependence of plasma density.

arXiv: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, 2017

Due to gravitational lensing effect, a black hole casts a shadow larger than its horizon over a bright background and the shape and size can be calculated. We discuss rotating black holes surrounded by a perfect fluid, namely rotating Rastall black hole, which is characterized by mass $M$, spin $a$, field structure parameter $N_s$ and the Rastall parameter $\psi$. Based on a detailed discussion of the photon regions in these space-times, we derive an analytical formula for the shadow of a rotating Rastall black hole. We go on to visualize the shadow of black holes for various values of the parameters. For a given value of parameters, the presence of a positive Rastall parameter $\psi$ enlarges the shadow and reduces its deformation with respect to the one in the Kerr spacetime, while for a negative Rastall parameter $\psi$, the effect is opposite. Interestingly, for a given value of parameters $a$ and $N_s$, shadows of the black hole, deformed concentric circles with right border be...

Modern Physics Letters A

Using the Hamilton–Jacobi method, we study optical shadows of rotating Bardeen-AdS black holes in the presence of internal and external field contributions. Precisely, we examine the shadow using one-dimensional real curves. By establishing the equations of motion of such AdS black holes without external dark sectors, we first analyze the shadow configurations in terms of a reduced moduli space involving only internal parameter contributions including the charge of the nonlinear electrodynamics. Among others, we find that this parameter serves as a geometric quantity controlling the shadow shape. Then, we graphically discuss the associated astronomical observables. Enlarging the moduli space, we analyze the behaviors of the quintessential black hole solutions in terms of the involved parameters controlling the dark field sector. Concretely, we observe that the dark energy not only affects the size but also deforms the shadow shape. Finally, we provide a possible link with observatio...

Physical Review D

We consider a black hole mimicker given by an exact solution of the stationary and axially-symmetric field equations in vacuum known as the δ-Kerr metric. We study its optical properties based on a ray-tracing code for photon motion and characterize the apparent shape of the shadow of the compact object and compare it with the Kerr black hole. For the purpose of obtaining qualitative estimates related to the observed shadow of the supermassive compact object in the galaxy M87 we focus on values of the object's spin a and inclination angle of observation θ 0 close to the measured values. We then apply the model to the shadow of the δ-Kerr metric to obtain constraints on the allowed values of the deformation parameter. We show that based uniquely on one set of observations of the shadow's boundary it is not possible to exclude the δ-Kerr solution as a viable source for the geometry in the exterior of the compact object.