Poetic Metaphors in Poems

This study is a comparative textual analysis of use of metaphors in three literary genres of prose, poetry and drama as represented by one literary work each. The metaphors were identified, isolated from the text, listed down and classified according to their respective categories as guided by Newmark's (1988) classification of metaphors, namely; adapted metaphors, ii) Cliché metaphors, iii) Dead metaphors, iv) Original metaphors, v) recent metaphors, and vi) Stock or standard metaphors. The overall findings indicate the predominance of poetry, as represented by 'Song of Lawino', over other genres in the use of metaphors though not so in similes. The comparative distribution showed that there was rich diversity in and unequal distribution of metaphors both across the genres and across the metaphor types. Cliché Metaphors dominated above all others in the three texts, with the play towering above all else. As for the similes, adapted Metaphors dominated all other with a total of 90 occurrences with the poetry taking the lead. At structural level, as guided by Tarasova's (1975) typology of metaphors, the findings indicated that there was predominance of metaphors serving the predication function over those with an identifying function, notably in the drama, while structurally, word category was more dominant followed by propositions.

This paper examines the different categories and functions of metaphors in Niyi Osundare's poetry, motivated by the scanty scholarly linguistic studies on metaphors in his poetry. Using insights from contextual models, metaphors in Osundare's poetry are studied and analysed with a view to examining his reliance on metaphors as discursive strategies to question socio-political issues in his Nigerian society. The paper identifies five types of metaphors in his poetry: animal metaphors, from abstract phenomena to concrete metaphors, synaesthetic metaphors, organic metaphors, and telescoped metaphors. It also demonstrates that the metaphors play contextual roles such as being interactional tools, address terms, and weapons of criticisms. Metaphors are linguistic armories deployed by Osundare to question and address socio-political issues in Nigeria and beyond.

2019

This article puts into a conceptual research of metaphors in the poems of Hikayat Bulan and Khairan by Husni Djamaluddin. Acknowledging Conceptual Metaphor Theory as the main theory in the field, researchers begin about how metaphors are perceived and analyzed in discourse to allude to their persuasive functions. This article presents a different approach to the analysis of metaphors and their interconnections. This is a descriptive qualitative study using ethnography. The reason for taking this research is because it is curious about the meaning contained in each stanza. Want to prove to everyone that this poem does not contain pornography. This research supported by the instrument is a trial by asking some of our friends to read this poem, what they feel, their expressions, and their thoughts after reading this poem. The results of the trial will be linked to our thoughts and references in the form of journals and books. The result of our data is that it turns out to be true that this poem even though it seems to have pornographic meaning, but the reality is not so precisely the meaning of this poem is about a writer or poet, the process of getting inspired to write into a work. It could also mean the process of a writer making a literary work.

This paper is an ecolinguistic study of the poem "A Poem for My Grandchild" by Tanire Ojaide which dwells on the themes of environmental degradation and oil exploration in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Contemporary Nigerian poets utilize their art in scrutinizing the consequences of the actions of state operators on their environment. The article examined the basic meanings underlining the poem and how the poet aptly used conceptual metaphors to capture his themes. The paper adopts a qualitative descriptive approach based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of . The result revealed that the poem consists of 5 onotological metaphors and 3 structural metaphors. These metaphors were used to echo the poet's critic of the destructive effects of crude oil mining on the environment and on lives of the people living in the region and the muffling of critical voices by the rulers and international media.

This paper is an ecolinguistic study of the poem "A Poem for My Grandchild" by Tanire Ojaide which dwells on the themes of environmental degradation and oil exploration in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Contemporary Nigerian poets utilize their art in scrutinizing the consequences of the actions of state operators on their environment. The article examined the basic meanings underlining the poem and how the poet aptly used conceptual metaphors to capture his themes. The paper adopts a qualitative descriptive approach based on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The result revealed that the poem consists of 5 onotological metaphors and 3 structural metaphors. These metaphors were used to echo the poet's critic of the destructive effects of crude oil mining on the environment and on lives of the people living in the region and the muffling of critical voices by the rulers and international media.

Since language is dynamic and does not exist in a vacuum, it is influence by the socio-cultural environment it finds itself. In fact language and culture are intertwined, as there is the presence of a people's culture in the language, even if the language is foreign to them. The English language spoken in Nigeria today does not stand apart from the Nigeria socio-cultural milieu; it completely inter-penetrates the Nigeria culture(s), and become a carrier of the people's socioeconomic , cultural, political experience. The "new" language is burdened with representing not only the image of Nigeria but everything Nigeria .This is why Achebe is noted to have canvassed for writing in the English language that is mutually intelligible to both the Nigeria users and the international audience: a language that localizes the global and globalizes the local. The relationship that exists between language and culture permits metaphor to live in the day to day interactions of the people. So, metaphor is not literature specific, it lives in the language of the people and people tend to use it often unconsciously. This is the reason why Lichang (2004) sees metaphor as the best way of illustrating culture because it shows the relationship between language and culture. Hence, the interpretation of metaphor is culture-based since the culture of every society is expressed in the language used in that society. Hence, to understand the metaphor used in a sentence is to understand the culture that birthed the metaphor. For example, if one says: "John is an emere". If the person addressed is not familiar with the culture that birthed the word "emere", one might not be able to decode what is meant.

CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN THE SELECTED SONGS OF BÙKÓLÁ ELÉMÌDÉ [ÀS̩Á], 2021

Metaphor is an indispensable transference tool by which the world we live in is conceptualized. It has a distinct way of transferring the unknown to the known phenomenon. As a subset conceptual metaphor enables humans to have a cognition about the world through the movement of concepts from one to another domain of experience. However, scholars such as Ajayi (2017), Oreshale (2015), and Dopemu (2013) have shown us how sociolinguistics study of some songs of ̀Asáis important, but it has been inadequate in determining the thought pattern that makes ̀Asá think the way she does. This study, therefore, analyses conceptual metaphor in the selected songs of Bùkólá Elémìdé [Às̩á]. It seeks to investigate the conceptual metaphors that structure the figurative language in selected songs of ̀Asá and the relationship between these expressions and her thoughts on human experiences in Nigeria. Lakoff and Johnsonׅ’s Metaphor we live by provided the framework, while a qualitative framework research design was adopted for the study. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the five songs of Bùkó lá Elémìdé [Às̩ á]: Jailer, Fire on the Mountain, Society, Satan be gone, and Preacher Man. The researcher made a generalization by describing the structural metaphors based on the mapping, explaining the relationship between the source and target domain, and conceptual analysis is exemplified in explaining social experiences, which invokes this conceptual structure and metaphorical expression. Eight Structural metaphors are found in the selected songs, which include: Dictators are jailers, Fire is war, Love is sorrow, Ideas are society, Faith is a journey, Money is an idol and Savior is preacher man. The detailed mapping of the metaphor concepts is used to conceptualise the relation between the source domain and the target domain. The study shows that to determine the thought pattern of musicians, we have to identify conceptual metaphors in their songs and also conceptual metaphors structure the lyrics of songs at the level of thought and imagination. Therefore, researchers, artistes, music lovers and linguists are employed to pay attention to conceptual metaphors in songs because it enhances the understanding of these artistes and their lyrics.

Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature, 2021

This research is aimed at finding how the students of English Department of State University of Gorontalo perceive the thing as revealed in the metaphor they used in their English Poem and, as well, interpreting the metaphor. This research was designed in qualitative research methodology. The subject of research was the poems written by the students in 2010. It is found that the students used metaphor to express their feeling. The metaphor reflects the students’ perception of the reality categorized in semantic fields. In terms of the intended meaning of the metaphor, the researcher inferred the meaning by finding the metaphor predications based on the researcher knowledge of the predication.

2019