Serbian Atlases in the 19th and Early 20th Century

Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cviji?, SASA, 2011

There are a number of publications under the title 'Atlas of Serbia', but few of them are real atlases, i.e. cartographic works in the traditional sense of the word. In the last century, a small number of geographical, geological, historical, linguistic and other atlases were published for Serbia individually or in the Yugoslav state, and there has not been any larger, complex, synthetic atlas belonging to the category of national atlases. At the beginning of this century, cartographic activity in the country ceased to be a state monopoly, which has resulted in certain progress in the production of atlases, but they have mostly been made by foreign licenses, and only in some cases with certain complements, or with modest attempts on independent work. This paper refers to analysis of conditions and production of the atlas of Serbia at the turn of centuries, as well as needs and opportunities of developing new atlases, including the development of the national atlas of Serbia.

2011

Abstract: There are a number of publications under the title ‘Atlas of Serbia’, but few of them are real atlases, i.e. cartographic works in the traditional sense of the word. In the last century, a small number of geographical, geological, historical, linguistic and other atlases were published for Serbia individually or in the Yugoslav state, and there has not been any larger, complex, synthetic atlas belonging to the category of national atlases. At the beginning of this century, cartographic activity in the country ceased to be a state monopoly, which has resulted in certain progress in the production of atlases, but they have mostly been made by foreign licenses, and only in some cases with certain complements, or with modest attempts on independent work. This paper refers to analysis of conditions and production of the atlas of Serbia at the turn of centuries, as well as needs and opportunities of developing new atlases, including the development of the national atlas of Serbia.

Zbornik radova - Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu

This paper represents summary of development of geographical and cartographical knowledge of Serbian authors about Serbia and Balkan. Important maps in the Serbian language are presented with a brief overview of their content, context and methodology. The main directions, stages of development and the most important cartographers and cartographic works in the Serbian language from the end of the XVII century to the creation of the Yugoslav state in the first quarter of the XX century are discussed. During this period, great historical and geopolitical changes took place in the Balkan Peninsula, such as revolutions, uprisings and wars, awakening the national consciousness of the Balkan peoples and the creation of nation-states. The development of Serbian cartography and geography in this period ranged from national romanticism, through descriptive and inventorying of geographical material, to explicit and applied scientific geography and cartography, which began with the establishment of two institutions at the end of the 19 th century-the Geographical Section of the Serbian Army General Staff (today the Military Geographical Institute) and the Geographic institutes at the Big School (today's Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade). The author traces the development of cartography through the evolution of content and the interpretation of the context of maps.

Dela, 2021

In this paper, we analyze the importance of Kocen's atlases for the development of Croatian school cartography. Comparing German and Croatian editions in the period between 1887 and 1943, we follow the progress in map printing, cartographic techniques, language redactions of toponymy as well as the inclusion of thematic maps and the influence of political discourse (German centralism vs. Slavic nationalisms) on the geographical scope and content of maps used in the educational process.

Zbornik radova Geogafskog fakulteta, 2019

This paper represents summary of development of geographical and cartographical knowledge of Serbian authors about Serbia and Balkan. Important maps in the Serbian language are presented with a brief overview of their content, context and methodology. The main directions, stages of development and the most important cartographers and cartographic works in the Serbian language from the end of the XVII century to the creation of the Yugoslav state in the first quarter of the XX century are discussed. During this period, great historical and geopolitical changes took place in the Balkan Peninsula, such as revolutions, uprisings and wars, awakening the national consciousness of the Balkan peoples and the creation of nation-states.

2023

In the paper, the main focus is on providing a detailed analysis of cartographic depictions of Serbia and Old Serbia which can be found in European and Serbian cartography of the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. To gain a better understanding of the historical cartography of the aforementioned traditions, it was firstly necessary to point out the geographic characteristics of Serbia and Old Serbia and to gain a broader view of their geographical position from a variety of perspectives, with a special emphasis on the changes which were elicited by political circumstances. Then the attention was dedicated to the genesis and understanding of the geographical and geo-political terminology behind such concepts as: Serbian lands, Serbia, Old Serbia, Macedonia, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Bulgaria and Upper Albania (Albania), all of this within the context of gaining a clearer notion of the geographical term Old Serbia, as well as the historical geography of the Central Balkans in general. This work also features a detailed overview of the development of depictions of Serbia and Old Serbia in Austrian and German cartography, and it also emphasizes the role that these two cartographic schools had in disseminating geographical knowledge of these regions, gaining a more profound understanding of them. Afterwards, an analysis of the role that Russian officers played in mapping the Principality of Serbia during the 1830s and 1870s is given, as well as how Serbia and Old Serbia are depicted on maps of the Bulgarian cartographic school, and those of other Balkan and European traditions as represented by more limited editions. The development of Serbian cartography is observed in accordance with its division into military and civilian cartography, while also tracing out the stages in its development and the main foreign influences which contributed to shaping the traditions of the Serbian cartographic school. The ethnographic mapping of Old Serbia and Macedonia represents an extremely important segment in the historical cartography of the Balkan Peninsula, especially in the period from 1878 to 1914, so a detailed analysis of it is one of the tasks of this work, with a special emphasis on the sources which the authors of these maps used to delineate the borders between people in this part of Europe. Finally, attention is drawn to the role that ethnographic cartography played in the political and public domain in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century.

The Cartographic Journal

The first part of this article is dedicated to the history of Hungarian school atlases to the end of the 1st World War. Although the first maps included in a Hungarian textbook were probably made in 1751, the publication of atlases for schools is dated almost 50 years later, when professor Ézsáiás Budai created his "New School Atlas for elementary pupils" in 1800. This was followed by a long period of 90 years, when the school atlases were mostly translations and adaptations of foreign atlases, the majority of which were made in German-speaking countries. In those years, a school atlas made by a Hungarian astronomer, Antal Vállas, should be highlighted as a prominent independent piece of work. In 1890, a talented cartographer, Manó Kogutowicz founded the Hungarian Geographical Institute, which was the institution responsible for producing school atlases for the different types of schools in Hungary. The professional quality of the school atlases published by his institute was also recognized beyond the Hungarian borders by prizes won in international exhibitions. Kogutowicz laid the foundations of the current Hungarian school cartography: this statement is confirmed in the second part of this article, when three of his school atlases are presented in more detail to give examples of how the pupils were introduced to the basic cartographic and astronomic concepts as well as how different innovative solutions were used on the maps.

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-information, 2021

Over 600 geography teachers answered an online survey containing 30 questions about school world atlases, an integral part of geography education. The study measured the importance and frequency of use of atlases, identified the most frequently used school atlases, and determined the type of tasks solved with atlases and the supplementary teaching aids used. The authors an-alysed the individual responses of teachers and investigated the relationships between the vari-ous responses. To maximise the survey’s information value, many of the questions were open-ended, and teachers responded in the form of plain text. To extract information from these answers, linguistics methods were used. Teachers assessed the importance of atlases as essential. Over 90% of them used atlases in either every lesson or every second lesson. The most important factor in the use of atlases was the experience of the teachers. Those with longer praxis used at-lases more often than less experienced teachers. Teachers considered thematic maps as the most problematic part of the atlases. The most frequently solved tasks were the simplest, such as identifying objects on a map. The findings of the survey quantified the importance of atlases in geography education and can assist geography teachers, atlas publishers, and cartographers in general.

A new large historical atlas on the Czech and Czechoslovak history of the 20th century is currently being prepared under the project of the Czech Historical Atlas. In this article, the authors introduce the basic research-analytic part of preparation of this cartographic work. It is based on the extensive research and subsequent analysis of the already published and similarly focused Czech (Czechoslovak) and foreign historical atlases, which gave the team sources of inspiration for processing the concept of the new atlas. The choice, the subsequent description and the analysis were achieved by the application of predetermined criteria. The result is a large database of selected historical atlases produced in the whole world after 1950, which contains more than 400 items. In addition to the standard bibliographic description, it contains a series of further characteristics (methods of thematic cartography, applied scale series, etc.) and references to the excerpts. The authors have decided to make the database freely available on a web portal, because they assume that it can be broadly used for research leading to development in the area of atlas cartography.

Abstract. The adaptations of foreign cartographical works are the constant publishing practices. The subject matters of these studies are the adaptations of foreign geographical atlases, prepared for the Polish users before 1989. This article attempts to prove the thesis, that the activities of authors and publishers measured by a number and degree of adjustment of the above mentioned adaptations to the needs of the Polish customers in the scope of Polish adaptations of foreign geographical atlases are dependent on the external circumstances, mainly, on the political and socio-economic ones. The aims of these research studies are brought to determine a scope of changes adapting the foreign atlases to the Polish users in the context of the workshop of cartographer and to compare these kinds of publishing activity in the respective periods. The results of these works confirmed the thesis, which was put at the beginning, that the activities of authors and publishers in the field of adaptation depend on the external circumstances. It is clear from the analysis of the examined adaptations, that the greatest activity in this scope is characterised by two periods: the period of partitions of Poland and the next period of activity after the year 1989. Referring to the kinds of adaptations, which were proposed in the article written by B. Konopska and J. Pasławski (2015), it is necessary to mention, that the main principles of the compilations of adaptations in the earlier periods were just the same as we have today. All the atlases can be divided into the basic adaptations and complex ones. Using the reviews and overviews of the adaptations written at the time, when they were issued, we can also say, that the geographical names were and now are the biggest problems for the authors.