Javanese -aké and -akən: A Short History 2011

Oceanic Linguistics, 2011

Wacana

In the contact situation with Indonesian, the standard variety of Javanese in Yogyakarta is experiencing an incipient shift. The shift is indicated by the shrinking domain of use, and the degradation of speakers' proficiency. It also reveals some ongoing changes in its structure, observable in the tendency of the younger generation to use particular elements different to those used by grandparent and parent generations. This article examines unique patterns of Javanese morphosyntax by focusing on the suffix-a, infix-um- ,-in-, and confix ka-an, on the basis of utterances recorded from authentic speech events involving speakers of different generations. The findings show a gradual replacement of these affixes by a more general morphosyntax pattern similar to that of Indonesian. It concludes that the suffix-a and infix-um- ,-in-exhibit low resistance to the imposition of Indonesian. It also predicts that in future Javanese will show more convergent with Indonesian because of the marginalization of unique patterns of Javanese morphosyntax.

Jurnal Studi Agama dan Masyarakat (JSAM), 2013

Sebagaimana diketahui oleh khalayak bahwa Indonesia mempunyai beragam bahasa daerah yang kaya dengan dialek. Dialek tersebut dapat memperkenalkan komunitas yang mendiami daerah tertentu, seperti halnya dialek bahasa Jawa, kepada masyarakat luas. Tujuan penelitan ini adalah untuk mendiskripsikan ragam dialek bahasa Jawa serta untuk menemukan ragam dialek bahasa Jawa yang hampir punah di daerah Kabupaten Lamongan Provinsi Jawa Timur. Pendekatan kualitatif diterapkan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ragam dialek bahasa Jawa yang dipakai untuk komunikasi oleh komunitas tersebut dapat dikategorikan ke dalam (1) ragam kata meliputi ragam diksi, (2) ragam pengucapan dan intonasi dalam kelompok kalimat positif, negatif, pertanyaan dan perintah, dan (3) ragam kalimat yang diidentifikasi dari struktur kata, dalam dua kategori– struktur kata sederhana dengan satu suku kata dan dua atau lebih suku kata, dan struktur kata bentukan dari imbuhan, reduplikasi dan kombinasi–dan kompleksitas kalimat yang memenuhi tiga tipe yaitu kalimat sederhana yang dimodifikasi, kalimat majemuk, dan kalimat majemuk bertingkat. Selain itu, ragam kata dialek bahasa Jawa yang hampir punah dikategorikan ke dalam ragam pengucapan dan intonasi, dan ragam kalimat.

Journal of Language Teaching and Research

This study aims to reveal part of language components named lexical and phonological differences in Javanese in East Java, Indonesia. Data were collected from a sample of three regions which are Probolinggo, Surabaya, and Ngawi. Probolinggo was chosen because of its adjacency to Madura Island. Surabaya was chosen because of its strategic location not only the centre of government, but also as the Capital City of East Java Province. Meanwhile, Ngawi was chosen because of its location in the west-end of East Java and directly adjacent to Central Java Province. This research is a quantitative research. The data were Javanese used by adults in East Java, especially in Probolinggo, Surabaya, and Ngawi. The research instrument used was Nothofer questionnaire which was modified by Kisyani to be 829 glossaries of words/phrases. The results of the study revealed that: 1) the most lexical of Javanese was in the western and eastern parts of East Java thus the least was in the central governmen...

Surakarta English and Literature Journal, 2024

This study aims to investigate the phonemic and lexicon variations of the Pekalongan Javanese dialect appearing in Pekalongan City, Central Java, Indonesia. It utilizes a qualitative descriptive study adopted by Creswell and Creswell as the research design. The data were collected through literature review, auditory perception, and data recording techniques. The interactive data analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman consists of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results reveal that lexicon variants present in the Pekalongan Western and southern regions have resemblances in phonemic variants of the Javanese language with the linguistic dialects employed by the inhabitants of Pemalang and Banjarnegara. The Arabic vocabulary that Middles Eastern immigrants adopted has a major influence on the linguistic variances in the Northern area. Conversely, no noteworthy linguistic variants were detected in the Eastern portion of Pekalongan City. An implication arising from this research is the necessity for more examination and classification of the morphology and phonology of existing Javanese dialects in Central Java. These results serve as material for further studies related to linguistic studies/ socio-dialectology of the Javanese language and contribute to preserving the cultural richness and diversity of the local language in Pekalongan City.

This paper analyzes aspects of the phonology of Malangan Javanese, spoken in the city of Malang in East Java, Indonesia, through the lens of a reversed language called Basa Walikan Malangan ("Walikan"). Walikan historically functioned as a secret language, but is currently regarded as a marker of a shared local identity. It involves the total reversal of segments of Malangan Javanese and occasionally Indonesian words. Manipulation takes place on a word level and is predominantly phonemic, affecting underlying forms rather than their surface realizations. In a small number of cases, orthography appears to influence word reversal as well. We demonstrate how Walikan reversals chiefly comply with the phonology of Malangan Javanese. Their analysis puts us in the position to cast new light on some under-described issues of Javanese phonology, such as the realization of word-final stops, the syllabification of consonant clusters, and processes of vowel-lowering. We also call attention to instances where Javanese phonotactics are violated, arguing that the phonemic status of a number of vowels and consonants is changing. This is especially the case with the phoneme /ɔ/, which was historically an allophone of /a/ but has now gained phonemic status, as demonstrated by Walikan data.

This article is intended to introduce various dialects, especially in Java, many kinds of dialects in Indonesia such as Betawi, Malay dialect of Medan, Ambon Malay, Palembang Malay, Batak Toba dialect, Batak Karo, Javanese language of Cirebon, Javanese Tegal , Javanese Solo language, Semarang Java language, Java language Yogyakarta, and Java language Surabaya. Dialect of a region can be known based on the sound system. The Indonesian language spoken in the Tapanuli dialect is recognizable because of the very clear pressures. Typical characteristics that include pressure, ups and downs, and short lengths of language sounds build different accents. Differences in vocabulary and grammatical variations are not very clear. Differences in dialect are related to the native language of the speakers. Therefore, in the use of language there are dialect differences such as Javanese language used by people in Pekalongan and Tegal different from the Javanese language used in Solo or Yogyakarta. Similarly, the Javanese dialect used by people in Madiun or Surabaya is different from the Javanese language used by the people in Banyumas.

This thesis aims to examine the Javanese dialect of the city of Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The city and its surroundings are known for their peculiar dialect, which exhibits very characteristic phonological and morphological features not found in other dialects of Javanese. First, a discussion on Javanese dialectology is presented, then sociolinguistic issues of the dialect of Surabaya are addressed with the focus on the dialect’s prevalence in the media. A tentative linguistic description of salient aspects of its grammar follows, and special attention is given to the linguistic etiquette of Surabayan Javanese, as it is known to Central Javanese speakers for being very impolite and rude. This thesis shows how politeness in Surabayan Javanese is expressed despite its sounding discourteous to the Central Javanese ear. Central Javanese is a very prominent example of the extensive use of a speech level system, similar to Japanese and Korean, however Surabayan Javanese on the contrary does not feature this system anymore and has given way to a binary T-V distinction, especially with regards to the language of younger speakers. This change makes Surabayan Javanese pragmatically similar to colloquial Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) and many European languages such as German, French, and Spanish. While this development is best observed in younger speakers, many older speakers in Surabaya now also disregard the refined speech level system such as the one used in Central Javanese. By the means of a brief typological summary of politeness systems throughout the world, I demonstrate that Surabayan Javanese can be categorized as a T-V language. Despite the pride for their dialect and its constant use at home, speakers of Surabayan Javanese fear conversing in their mother tongue in areas where the classical speech level system is still prominent and switch to Bahasa Indonesia. The most valuable contributions to a linguistic description of Surabayan Javanese have been made by Soetoko et al. (1984), Kisyani-Laksono (2004a), and Hoogervorst (2006; 2008; 2009). In this thesis, I mostly rely on these sources and my own data to present an overview of Surabayan Javanese with a special reference to its linguistic etiquette in terms of speech levels, honorifics, and the awareness of these within the Surabaya speech community.

This mini-research is conducted to analyze the differentiation of the variety of language in East Java and Central Java. The team research emphasize on the difference of accent and dialect that was owned by speaker of each region. Where accent refers to the sound a speaker makes, and ‘dialect’ covers the word choices, syntactic ordering and all other grammatical choices a speaker could make. The method that is used in this mini-research was ‘Qualitative Data Collection’ in the form of interview. The team research have interviewed 20 informants, 10 of them are from Central Java and the rest are from East Java. The informants were given a written dialogue in Indonesian Language and they are requested to translate the text into their local language. Those written dialogue was given by using email, Facebook and direct meeting, some of the informants were being recorded while practicing the dialogue so that the team research could analyze their pronunciation. Besides the interview, the team research also search some references through the internet and books. The result showed that there were many differences in both region, such as the choice of words that the speaker of each region have, the difference in vocabulary, word formation, and also they were different in accent. The conclusion is that accent and dialect are strongly associated with geographical distribution and any other factors, because there are similarities found a certain dialect with other dialect morphologically if both are from Central Java if compared with any dialect from East Java. Key words: Dialect, Central Java, East Java.

1982

In this paper I wi ll pre sent a few results of my dialect research wh ich I carried out in Central Java from February until August 1979. 1 Map 1 shows the territory in which I examined the dialects of 34 Central Javanese villages. The research was mainly carried out in those kabupa tens of Central Java that lie to the west of an imaginary line the end points of which are the towns of We leri in the north and Parangtritis in the south. Villages were visited in the following kabupa tens : Brebes ,