Balau Hardwood

IAWA Bull.(NS), 1989

Wheeler EA, Baas P, Gasson PE,(eds.). 1989 IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull.(NS). 10. 219-332. Definitions of terms, examples of spp. with various characters, photos. Review by C. Schirarend in: Feddes Repert. 101 (1990) 600. ...

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity

Simalambuo (Lophopetalum sp.) wood is commonly used for construction materials in Nias Island, North Sumatra Province especially in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake that affected the region. However, information regarding the fundamental characteristics of this wood has not been available. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the basic properties of Simalambuo wood, such as its physical, mechanical, chemical, and natural durability. The destructive method was used to determine the physical and mechanical parameters (i.e., specific gravity, moisture content, shrinkage, MOE, MOR, and hardness) using a small clear specimen sample under the BS 373 standard (1957). The chemical components of wood (i.e., holocellulose, cellulose, lignin, extractives) were analyzed using a variety of methods, including CRC Press methods, LAP NREL 003 standard, and TAPPI. Meanwhile, the SNI 7207-2014 standard was utilized to evaluate its resistance against subterranean termites. The results showed that Simalambuo wood has an average specific gravity of 0.42 and a T/R ratio of 1.78. Based on its specific gravity, the wood is classified within the strength class III-IV. It also exhibits a reduced cellulose and extractive content, along with a higher proportion of lignin. In terms of durability, it is classified as class IV, implying non-resistance to termites' attack and necessitating wood preservation treatment for its practical application. The findings of this study suggest the application of this wood is recommended for light construction, furniture, and other functions, but not for heavy construction.

Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research, 2005

Lesser natural timber sources have driven to lack of timber as raw material in wooden based industries. In this condition, Indonesian government suggests to obtain raw material either from plantation forest or utilizing lesser known wood species. Information and data of lesser-known species are important for wood identification and to support its appropriate utilization. Ebony wood, which is popularly known as black wood, is a group of wood from Diospyros sp. that belongs to Ebenaceae family. Soerianegara (1995) classified Diospyros sp. wood into three groups: Black Ebony, Streaked Ebony and White Diospyros. Diospyros sp. consists of 300 species and spreads throughout tropical areas. Among them, it is about 100 species grow in Indonesia. The most famous ebony wood is black ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) that grows in Sulawesi (Soerianegara, 1995).

In the history of human civilization, it is a sad fact that when the ancient forests have all gone, so are the hardwood trees also. This paper is aimed at arousing our consciousness that sometime in the history of the Philippines, there were to be found so much number of hardwood trees in the province of Camarines Sur, as mentioned by the writer Mr. Adolfo Puya Ruiz in 1887. But after a century had passed, many of these had disappeared, together with the ancient forests, or had been reduced to some few numbers in the hinterlands. In this book, Puya (1887) mentioned 45 hardwood trees found in the province of Camarines Sur. However, out of these 45 trees, only 17 trees were discussed by him in some details. He also identified the towns in the province where they could be found endemic perhaps even today. Through the conduct of a cultural mapping survey sponsored by the National Council for the Culture and the Arts of the Philippines (NCAAP), the municipality of Camaligan, Camarines Sur, is conducting its first municipal-wide cultural mapping survey to include all existing hardwood trees in the area, with the purpose of educating the young generation of our children regarding the sources of materials where our old heritage houses, furniture, and building, religious artifacts and items have originated, such native materials as the hamurawon, mahogany, narra, yakal wood, etc. Through the cultural mapping survey, we hope to truly identify and document all our existing hardwood tree species, to include the century-old Dita tree found existing to this day at Barangay San Marcos, Camaligan, Cam. Sur, and to come up with some measures to conserve them further for posterity and to push for the protection of our riverine ecosystem... .

IAWA Journal, 2009

Three lesser known wood species from Mozambique were studied to generate information for identification purposes and facilitate the introduction of these species into the wood working industry by assigning or widening the potential uses of these species. Selected anatomical features were used to predict some important wood properties, subsequently confirmed by measurements of both density and impregnability. Comparative wood anatomy showed that all three wood species have anatomical features typical for their genus after comparisons with their closest relatives. Both ntholo (Pseudolachnostylis maprounaefolia Pax) and muanga (Pericopsis angolensis Meeuwen) are diffuse-porous (with 14–24 and 16–20 vessels/mm2 respectively), have extractives in the heartwood vessels and thick-walled fibres, features consistent with good natural durability and strength respectively. Metil (Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum.) is also diffuse-porous with very wide vessels at much lower frequency (<5/mm2...

International Journal of Forestry Research, 2020

The perforation plates and vessel-ray pitting of tropical hardwoods are typical features that make it possible to mark species within a botanical family. This study aims to bring out a consistent and robust framework for a clear distinction through anatomical features among various Ekop woods based on usual nomenclature on trade. Perforations plates and vessel-ray pitting are determining components for the classification of the species. Indeed, several species exploited under the trade name Ekop because of their grain, color, and wooden decoration patterns do not belong to the same taxonomic class. With the natural structure of cells and their intervessel pits observed in xylem and phloem, it appears that the perforation plates and the vessel-ray pitting are decisive components for the classification of Ekop species. Forty-three wood specimens of Ekop were collected from forests in Ebolowa, Mbalmayo, and Abong Mbang. In addition, 155 microscopic sections of Ekop slides with at least...

AzadirachJa indica A. Juss., commonly known as neem iJ' English and Hindi and margosa and paraiso de India in Spanish, is a medium-sized to large tree characterized by its short, straight bole, furrov.'ed, dark-brown to gray bark. and dense, rounded crown of pinnate leaves (fig. ). Native to south Asia, neem is widely planted and naturalized in semiarid areas throughout Asia and Africa. It has been introduced to several Caribbean islands where it is grown principally for shade, fuelwood, and numerous nonwood products obtained from the leaves, fruits, and bark. These include medicinal and insecticidal agents. Except in frost-prone and dry regions, neem is evergreen. Although its precise native range is not known, neem is thought to be indigenous to south Asia where it grows in natural forests in the drier-regions of southern India and Myanmar (formerly Burma) (28) (fig. ). For many centur ies, perhaps millenia, neem has been cultivated in India,

Materials Sciences and Applications, 2015

Wood is composed of mostly hollow, elongated, spindle-shaped cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree. The characteristics of these fibrous cells and their arrangement affect strength properties, appearance, resistance to penetration by water and chemical solutions, resistance to decay and many other properties. The characterisation of wood helps in identifying them. In this work, we studied the anatomical properties of three lesser utilised Ghanaian hardwood species namely Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig and Sterculia rhinopetala K. Schum using the light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Anatomical features studied were fiber length, double fiber wall thickness, fiber proportion, vessel diameter and proportion, rays and axial parenchyma proportions. We observed that the use of SEM in studying the anatomical or ultra-structural aspects of wood gave a clearer understanding of the features and structures found in wood. Anatomical features such as presence of crystals and absence of axial parenchyma in Blighia sapida and the thick wall fibers of Sterculia rhinopetala were better understood.

2010

The anatomical characteristic of the wood of Annona muricata, A. senegalensis, Xylopia aethiopica, A. glauca, A. squamosa, Cleistopholis patens, Monodora tenuifolia and Greenwayodendron suaviolis were investigated in search of their stable taxonomic attribute. Thirty-two wood samples were collected from eight species of Annonnaceae (four specimens each). Fixation of the most healthy and fresh wood of each species was done using 500 ml of FAA (Formalin Acetic Acid) and dehydrated in a series of ethanol while infiltration was done using tertiary-butyl-alcohol prepared in accordance with Johansen’s method. The sectioning was carried out with a rotary microtome and the slide containing the wood samples were examined using power shots s70 camera attached to computer. The results revealed several interesting wood anatomical features such as the presence of numerous fibre, ray cells, vessels, absence of axial parenchyma in some species, growth ring ranges from distinct to indistinct. Rays are composed of upright cells in A. muricata, fibre tracheid are also uncommon in A. muricata but common in G. suaviolis. Axial parenchyma are common in A. glauca and A. squamosa but absent in other species. The wood structure of A. glauca and A. squamosa are similar to that of C. patens, but the absence of axial parenchyma distinguished it from them. The results are important in understanding the relationships between and within the species.