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2021, Beyond The Horizon
The long-term impact of artificial intelligence (AI) will be unprecedented in the field of international security. There is already an ongoing fierce competition for global technological supremacy. Defense projects by the military powers seek to secure strategic advantages on the battlefield. Perceived rivalry only increases investment in research and development. However, despite concerns related to major conflicts between these powers, serious consequences will be felt sooner elsewhere in the Global South. We should then ask what the perception of developing countries is in the face of accelerated militarization of AI.
Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence,, 2021
The technological leap of AI and the Global South: deepening asymmetries and the future of international security. PREPRINT. Book chapter for Handbook on Warfare and Artificial Intelligence, Edward Elgar Publishers, forthcoming. This chapter will address major strategic implications for the Global South concerning the fast-moving militarization of AI and the risks of a further widening technological gap in the near- and mid-term future. My analysis will focus upon the foreseeable consequences for developing countries as growing great-power competition spurs massive investments in research and development (R&D) of new weapons and military AI systems.
SSRN, 2019
The militarization of artificial intelligence (AI) is well under way and leading military powers have been investing large resources in emerging technologies. Calls for AI governance at international level are expected to increase and the United Nations is well positioned to offer a commonly agreed platform for prevention, foresight, and cooperation among states and other stakeholders to address the impact of new technologies. A telling example for the area of strategic studies is the work of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on lethal autonomous weapons systems, under the UN Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), the most important multilateral discussion on AI, peace and security today. The article makes the case for further engagement from scholars, policymakers, and practitioners of the Global South in the ongoing debate on AI policy and international relations to mitigate risks and adopt governance tools, including norms, principles, regimes, institutions, and political commitments. The opinions in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author.
Journal of Academic Research for Humanities (JARH, 2024
This study investigates the impacts of AI in modern warfare, focusing on its opportunities and risks. The military has access to a revolutionary tool in artificial intelligence. To top it all off, it lets the military operate with a great deal of independence. Several countries have recently taken a more aggressive stance in response to the increasing militarisation of AI. The militarisation of AI means that by using advanced measures, one can affect the regional security of its opponents. Using 5G- warfare and impactful espionage, the opponent’s sovereignty can be breached. State security can be affected. This is the militarization of AI. The exceptional efficacy of AI is largely responsible for this. The objectives of the study include discussing the impact of AI on strategic balance in South Asia and also, assessing how AI is impacting global security and international politics for the region. The descriptive method was used to carry out this study, in which secondary sources, including previous research, books, and articles, were analyzed. AI has offered military forces a strategic advantage by filtering enormous data, boosting detection, and streamlining logistics. These advancements offer risks, particularly in nuclear deterrence and contemporary conflict. It was concluded that in military operations, AI improves situational awareness, decision-making, targeting, and operational access. Policymakers and military leaders must bargain to explore AI's benefits in war while reducing its risks to global security and stability.
Global Policy
Autonomous weapons technologies, which rely on artificial intelligence, are advancing rapidly and without sufficient public debate or accountability. Oversight of increased autonomy in warfare is critically important because this deadly technology is likely to proliferate rapidly, enhance terrorist tactics, empower authoritarian rulers, undermine democratic peace, and is vulnerable to bias, hacking, and malfunction. The top competitors in this arms race are the United States, China, Russia, South Korea, and the European Union. Spending soars as progress stalls: where is the public debate on lethal artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems development?
International Journal of Law in Changing World, 2023
More than six decades since its inception, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands at the cusp of a transformative shift. The global perspective on AI has evolved optimistically, as it increasingly permeates every facet of human life. AI is revolutionizing national security strategies and capabilities worldwide, but its impact on the Global South remains a topic of growing significance and concern. Every nation actively seeks to bolster internal security through AI-driven initiatives, including surveillance, cyber security, and autonomous technologies. This review paper delves into AI's role in analyzing vast datasets, uncovering patterns, and identifying security threats and challenges focusing specifically on the Global South. It considers the potential advantages AI offers in enhancing national security capabilities while addressing concerns surrounding its integration. Drawing from existing literature, it presents a comprehensive analysis of AI's prospective future in the cyber and national security domains within these nations. Ultimately, this paper aims to answer whether AI serves as a facilitator in strengthening internal security or poses unforeseen challenges and raises the importance of capacity-building, technology transfer, and international cooperation. It provides valuable insights into the evolving landscape of AI in the context of national security in the Global South.
BTSym 2018, 2018
Artificial Intelligence, especially deep learning, is a path of no return. It is necessary, however, to reflect on the risks of this new technology. The article aims, therefore, to analyze some of these risks. For that, the most extreme situation was chosen: autonomous weapons, capable of thinking and deciding for themselves who, when and how to kill a human being .
Journal of Strategic Studies, 2022
Artificial intelligence and the future of warfare present the reader with a clear and elegant understanding of artificial intelligence as it provides a robust technical foundation concerning key technological advances in the evolution of AI for a non-technical audience. The author emphasizes that artificial intelligence is a force multiplier for both offense and defense capabilities – despite the paradoxical underdeveloped nature of counter AI capabilities.
Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 2021
Vojno delo, 2024
Artificial intelligence, as the latest technology of the modern age, represents a set of algorithms, i.e. software tools that, when applied to certain hardware, enable various devices to become “smart”, meaning, to be capable to perform many tasks autonomously without constant oversight by man. In modern armed conflicts, artificial intelligence (AI) is used both in various forms of software tools, which help situational analysis and faster decision-making, and in the form applied to hardware when they enable faster identification of targets and more precise targeting. This paper presents forms of artificial intelligence that are most commonly used in today’s conflicts. Also, particular emphasis is placed on the use of cyber weapons, which represent ever more significant element of modern conflicts. However, the risks that occur when using AI are also stressed. Although its use reduces certain traditionally recognized risks, new risks emerge resulting from the use of these powerful tools for the purposes of conflicts. The conclusion is that this new technology enables us, as a society, more „humane“ conflicts, with fewer victims and less damage, and yet, the use of that technology still depends on people and their reasons for conflicts.
Contemporary Security Policy, 2019
Many observers anticipate “arms races” between states seeking to deploy artificial intelligence (AI) in diverse military applications, some of which raise concerns on ethical and legal grounds, or from the perspective of strategic stability or accident risk. How viable are arms control regimes for military AI? This article draws a parallel with the experience in controlling nuclear weapons, to examine the opportunities and pitfalls of efforts to prevent, channel, or contain the militarization of AI. It applies three analytical lenses to argue that (1) norm institutionalization can counter or slow proliferation; (2) organized “epistemic communities” of experts can effectively catalyze arms control; (3) many military AI applications will remain susceptible to “normal accidents,” such that assurances of “meaningful human control” are largely inadequate. I conclude that while there are key differences, understanding these lessons remains essential to those seeking to pursue or study the next chapter in global arms control
International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science, Volume 9, Issue 4, pp. 205-219,, 2024
The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into autonomous weapon systems raises significant security concerns and ethical questions regarding international regulation. This paper explores the potential effects of AI-driven autonomous weapons (AI-AWs) on global security, emphasizing the dual-use characteristics of AI technologies and their ability to disrupt military strategies and strategic equilibrium. Through a combination of interdisciplinary workshops, literature reviews, and case studies, the research highlights critical security threats, ethical issues, and the risk of unintended escalation of conflicts linked to AI-AWs. The paper advocates for the creation of comprehensive international policies and regulatory frameworks to tackle these challenges, stressing the importance of human oversight and ethical standards. Policy suggestions include establishing precise definitions, monitoring systems, and international oversight organizations to ensure the responsible use of AI in military applications. The study concludes by calling for global collaboration to reduce the risks associated with AI-AWs and to enhance global security and stability.
Defense & Security Analysis, 2019
Recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) suggest that this emerging technology will have a deterministic and potentially transformative influence on military power, strategic competition, and world politics more broadly. After the initial surge of broad speculation in the literature related to AI this article provides some much needed specificity to the debate. It argues that left unchecked the uncertainties and vulnerabilities created by the rapid proliferation and diffusion of AI could become a major potential source of instability and great power strategic rivalry. The article identifies several AI-related innovations and technological developments that will likely have genuine consequences for military applications from a tactical battlefield perspective to the strategic level.
Anais do VIII Fórum Brasileiro de Ciência Política, 2023
This study aims to explore the consequences of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems to deepen defense and security inequalities and its interaction with a right to security. The possible future effects of a bigger adoption of automated systems in the strategic area are notable. One can realize, though, that, as in other moments of history, the states’ capacity of assuring its own security associates itself with the level of technological advancement of the nation, which implies that Global South countries’ technological inequalities also have strategic asymmetry as a consequence. Hence, a realist logic of observing the international system is intensified, as there is an even greater affirmation of those who detain the force, or, in this case, technological dominance. Although, a notion of a right to security is based on the Theory of the International Society, recognizing shared expectations from the common agreements on norms, even if they are crossed by issues such as capacity and context. Regulation proposals on legal automated systems are also explored, in a sense that rule-making and enforcing are constructed in a way so as to diminish or to break the raising of technological-strategic asymmetries. As results, it was possible to notice that the right to security is being compromised by autonomous weapons draft regulations that are vague, which are even being proposed by South Global countries.
Land Forces Academy Review
The paper is a non-technical approach to artificial intelligence (AI), the author claiming no competence in the technology field. It expresses the view of a person interested and concerned about the role of artificial intelligence as an elevator of international power. It is a review of how the United States of America officially recognizes the benefit of artificial intelligence intervention in the military domain and its usefulness for ensuring national security. Artificial intelligence, a booming technological field, influences our existence as individuals, societies, and states. It affects more and more areas of activity, attracts into a continuous mechanism of development and innovation both the state (as the center of decision and political action) and the society (the big companies producing technology and academics), requires the state to develop strategies in the field and puts on the world leaders agenda a new issue of hope and fear at the same time.
Mirpur Paper, 2022
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought about revolutionary changes in the history of mankind as did Combustion Engine or Electricity centuries ago. It is more an enabler than a mere invention. It has enabled technology to take giant leap towards incorporating innovation in every sphere; be it commercial or military purpose. Throughout the history, technology has played vital role in shaping the global politics and eventually the balance of power. World leaders, military commanders, corporate trailblazers unanimously agree that AI is going to be the next determinant in global power. The leading nations are therefore putting in unprecedented effort to remain in the forefront of the race. In this era of information warfare and hybrid warfare, AI is more pronounced than ever. Sixth generation drones and autonomous weapons are already being used in the recent conflicts. While nations are busy in the competition, they cannot ignore the ethical concern involved with its maximum military use. How much autonomy should be ethical in the use of AI in military technology remains as a matter of thoughtful consideration. While there are many dimensions of discussing AI, this article is going to give an insight how AI is reshaping balance of power and what should be the global approach to embrace this technological wonder in the wake of ethical concern.
Tolga Erdem ve Cengiz Özbek, “The Problem of Disarmament in Artificial Intelligence Technology from the Perspective of the United Nations: Autonomous Weapons and Global Security”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, Cilt:10, Sayı:21, Nisan 2023, ss.57-79., 2023
The weapons that have self-controlling capacity and are equipped with the technology to independently choose and destroy a target are called autonomous weapons. Presently, autonomous weapon technology is developed to contribute to the defence and offensive capacities of states and restructure their armies. However, there is a common concern that the quality of autonomous weapons to make decisions in the international arena independent of humans may cause a global security problem. In this respect, the United Nations (UN) supports disarmament by holding meetings and issuing reports to ensure that these weapons are controlled while under development. The present article intends to clarify the activities of the UN which aim to control autonomous weapon technology. The main argument of this study is that “autonomous weapons are capable of turning into a security problem at the global level and therefore disarmament measures should be developed”. In this direction, the study’s theoretical framework will be explained in the first part through the Securitization Theory of the Copenhagen School. In the second part, autonomous weapons will be detailed and their possible benefits and threats will be evaluated. In the third part, the disarmament efforts regarding autonomous weapons are outlined. The final part, on the other hand, discusses the disarmament activities of the UN as to autonomous weapons. In consequence of the document analysis method, it was concluded that more data were required to establish a consensus as to the performance of a wider disarmament activities under the UN regarding autonomous weapons.
2025
As African nations increasingly adopt AI technologies for security purposes, the article critiques the implications of these advancements on democracy, sovereignty, and ethical governance. Drawing on a transversal approach, it highlights key innovations such as AI-driven surveillance systems, autonomous combat drones, and swarm drone technology, emphasizing their potential to reshape conflict dynamics across the continent. The article also explores regional efforts to build AI-related military capacity and formulate national AI strategies. By recognizing the geopolitical and ethical dimensions of these developments, it calls for a careful reflection on how AI can serve military interests while challenging the ideals of peace, human rights, and democratic governance in Africa. Ultimately, the article invites a rethinking of the global order, urging African nations to balance innovation with responsibility in the face of an increasingly militarized world.
2024
As artificial intelligence (AI) weaves itself into the fabric of modern warfare, African nations confront a alteration whose implications far exceed the technology. This integration of AI into military operations is not merely a question of strategic advantage or efficiency; it forces societies to grapple with questions of humanity, ethics, and their own fractured histories. Like many tools of power before it, AI possesses the dual capacity to amplify collective vulnerabilities and expose deeply buried conflicts between aspiration and reality. In Africa, where legacies of colonial extraction and militarized violence linger as unhealed scars, the rise of AI in military contexts raises fundamental questions: How can nations engage with this emergent technology without betraying the fragile ethical and humanitarian principles on which their societies rest
Acta Globalis Humanitatis et Linguarum ISSN: 3030-1718, 2025
The use and benefit of technology and scientific advances, including new technologies, has always been considered one of the fundamental human rights. One of these new technologies is artificial intelligence technology. In this article, which was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and texts and with the aim of examining and analyzing artificial intelligence and international peace and security, the following questions are raised: How is international peace and security affected by artificial intelligence technology? What challenges does artificial intelligence create for international peace and security? And what solutions can be proposed in this regard? The results of the research, which were in line with the research hypotheses, are that artificial intelligence is an influential and comprehensive field whose scope is not only related to technical and engineering issues, but also encompasses the fields of humanities, especially international peace and security, and artificial intelligence creates challenges for international peace and security, the most important of which is the growth of the use of this technology in the military field, which can lead to the production of deadly and uncontrollable robotic and automated weapons. Also, cyber warfare using artificial intelligence can pose a serious threat to international peace and security. Accordingly, it is necessary to conclude new international agreements and conventions to contain its negative effects.
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