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1991
R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout perm ission. List of Tables-Continued 25. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient of the Effects of the Percentage of the Population Employed in Industry and Different Crimes in the Middle East (1960-1984) and Actions Taken on the Null Hypothesis.
Development and Change, 1982
The relationship between economic developdent and crime has been a subject of serious study at least since the second decade of this century. Much of the interest in this area may be attributed to the apparent coincidence of steadily improving standards of living in several countries and the continuing increase in the rates of crime. Most research using one or several of the usual indicators of development (such as industrialization, urbanization, population mobility, occupational differentiation, etc.) have found a positive relationship between these indicators and the level of crime (e.g. Webb 1972). This finding seems to fit well with Durkheim's and Toenis's notion that the process of modernization involves social disorganization on the local community level. Most of the studies are limited in their scope to the rise and fall in the frequency, intensity, of crimes in a single city, state, or country (Park 1916; Lane 1969; Weirs 1947; Lodhi and Tilly 1973). Findings of studies based on single cases, although over-generalized without adequate evidence and verification in other similar cases, cannot be completely valid universally. Cross-national or crosscultural comparative research therefore becomes an urgent
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
Crime is as old as man and it exists in every society in respective of its level of development. The rate at which criminals operate unhindered in most societies especially in developing countries around the world is worrisome. Crime creates fear and untold suffering among people. Crime often stands as a barrier to socio-economic growth of society, discourages investment, increases the cost of transactions and ultimately fuel migration which eventually creates economic development disparities around the world. The aim of this study is to analyze the manifestation of crime the world over with a view to intimating government of all countries to have a firm control of all criminal activities in their respective countries for a better society. The approach methodology is based on a literature review of scientific journals and reports. Secondary data were sourced from both published and unpublished works as the study applies descriptive method. The main results showed various manifestati...
This study intents to achieve three main purposes; first is to examine the crime rate in Estrada, Arroyo and Aquino II administrations. Second, to determine and compare the strategies that the three said administrations used to alleviate crime in the Philippines and lastly, to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies and identify the factors which promote or constrain the effectiveness of these strategies.
Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 2018
This study was conducted to explore the impact of crime on socioeconomic development of the country. The purpose of the study was to comprehend the increasing crime rate and to know its influences on socioeconomic progress. To examine the crime and its impacts on country development, a field survey was conducted and questionnaires was developed to understand the ground situation. For the purpose of the interviews the members of the community were selected by using simple random sample technique. This study is found that crime rate is cumulative due to dissimilar socioeconomic snags like, poverty, unemployment, uses of drugs, etc. Further this study highlights the causes and recommends possible solutions for the curbing the threat of crime in Karachi. The main focus of this research paper is to find out the pathways to overcome crime in Pakistan.
European Journal of Political Science Studies
Maintaining peace and harmony is a crucial challenge for developing nations, and the crime rate is a significant factor in achieving this goal. This study is intended to examine the relationship between a developing country's crime rate and the economic factors that influence it. This quantitative study aims to test the objective hypotheses through multiple regression analysis. The study utilized secondary data from the World Bank from 1990 to 2018 to assess the Philippines' crime rate and economic factors. The analysis reveals that economic factors, such as urbanization, GDP per capita, financial development, and labor force, substantially impact the national crime rate. This study provides policymakers with vital insights for implementing evidence-based peace and development initiative strategies. Article visualizations:
2012
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between crime and economic variables such as income, unemployment, inflation, interest rate, and also the political violence, both domestic and regional. The main motivation of the study was to have a better understanding of crime, finding and suggesting alternative way of approaching crime. We analyzed 21 countries, with data spanning from 1960 to 2001.We started our study on this objective by adapting the model and framework that was introduced by Viren (2001) based on Becker (1968), Block and Heineke (1975) and we made slight modification by rephrasing it in order to not only capture the long run relationship but also the short run adjustment. We employed panel-error-correction based cointegration (Persyn and Westerlund (2008)) to analyze and estimate the model. A number of important findings were extracted from the analysis in accordance to the objectives of this study. Firstly, it determines the negative long run relation...
Current study empirically investigates the effect of various socio-economic and law enforcement variables on crime rate by using cross-sectional time series data set of 35 districts of Punjab. An Interaction term of police strength with economic activity and divisional analysis on the basis of more or less crime dense districts has empirically proved that magnitude of deterrence effect of increasing police strength in a community depends upon its allocation regarding some specific characteristics of that area. An increase in Population growth and increase in Untraced Criminal cases by crime prevention authorities has a significant positive impact on crime rate of a society. While an increase in Economic Activity and Education level have a significant negative impact on crime rate. Initial findings have been obtained by applying fixed effect modal which are quite consistent with Log-linear, Least Square Dummy variable, Interaction term and Divisional analysis models that can be taken as robustness of our empirical findings. Furthermore, an empirical finding has revealed a strong positive relationship of increase in Police strength on crime rate of Lahore division which is indicating of low efficiency of police department in respective years. Current study stands distinct regarding policy purposes as it indicates a clear idea about allocation and performance of police in various divisions of Punjab along with identifying the socio-economic and demographic determinants of crime. JEL Classification: K42, D12
International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues
More offenses are committed in society as the crime rate rises, which is a sign that the safety of society is deteriorating. The purpose of this research is to examine how the Gini ratio, per capita income, unemployment, poverty, and population density affect the number of crimes committed in Indonesia between 2012 and 2020 in 34 Indonesian provinces, this research used secondary data from the years 2012 until 2020. Multiple linear regression using a panel data approach is the study methodology. The study's findings demonstrate that the fixed effect approach is the most effective. Unemployment had a positive and significant impact on the amount of crimes, according to partial testing, while overcrowding and internet access had a negative and significant impact. In Indonesia between 2012 and 2020, the Gini ratio, per capita income, and poverty did not affect crime, according to partial testing, which also found that unemployment had a positive and significant impact on the number...
Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik, 2020
This study discusses the crimes that have occurred in Padang city and their relationship with the development of the city itself. This study used a descriptive spatial approach. The data on crime obtained from Pos Metro Padang newspaper, which specifically contains criminal news from 2015-2016. The data on the development of Padang city was taken from a literature study using a Central Bureau of Statistics or Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) report. The study used indicators such as the economic level of the region, population data, population density, regional infrastructure, and any linkages with other regions. The results of this study involved the dominant crimes in Padang city of theft, illegal drugs, and immorality. The results showed that there were six sub-districts with high crime rates in 2015 and 2016, including West Padang, South Padang, Lubuk Begalung, Kuranji, East Padang, and Koto Tangah. West Padang and South Padang are downtown areas with high levels of economic activity...
The present study is an attempt to explore the impact of social, economic and political factors and the event of 9/11 on crimes in Pakistan for the period 1984-2013. Three models have been estimated for political, economic and social factors separately. The political factors like corruption, law and order, 9/11 event, have been found to increase crimes, whereas government stability reduces the crimes. The economic factors such as poverty increase crimes whereas foreign remittances and external debt reduce crimes. In social factors human rights, human capital, income inequality and population density increase crimes. In short run, error correction terms indicate that there is convergence towards the equilibrium in all the models in case of any shock. Various diagnostic tests have been applied to confirm the reliability of results which indicate that there is no problem of autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity in the models. The study suggests that in order to mitigate criminal activities policy makers should focus on political, social and economic problems faced by Pakistan.
2019
This study is an effort to explore the determinants of violent crimes by using the panel data of 34 countries covering the time span from 2000 to 2014. The robust least square technique is applied for empirical analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the economic complexity, institutions and per capita income have significant negative impact while economic misery and population growth have significant positive relationship on violent crimes. Moreover, efficient institutions have prime importance to curb the crimes in a society. The better provision of knowledge and highly skilled labor force in an efficient institutional environment for alleviation of crimes is suggested as a policy tool. Additionally, serious efforts to decrease the economic misery and population growth are need of the hour to overcome the crimes.
Equilibrium
Research background: Although some authors propose that economic growth should reduce crime rates as wider opportunities to earn money in a legal way diminish the incentives to commit illegal activities and lead to rising costs of the latter, the results of many studies indicate that an increase in crime rates is also possible under the conditions of economic growth. There are also differing views on the relationship between various economic indicators and crime rates as well as the nature of the relationship between the above-mentioned phenomena in the long and short run. Purpose of the article: After classifying the EU member states by their crime and economic indicators, the main objective of the article is to assess the relationship between the crime and economic development and identify the causes of this relationship. Methods: Systematic and comparative literature analysis, the Promethee and Entropy methods, Spearman?s correlation coefficient. Findings & value added: The Prome...
The authors review the recent literature on crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean and present a broad overview of the main ideas and empirical findings. They provide estimates of the magnitude of the problem, trends, and the manifestations of crime and violence in Latin America. They also discuss the ways in which violence affects development, the root causes of violence and the empirical evidence on the determinants of crime. The authors conclude by stressing that preventive measures and innovative social policies are efficient and under-utilized strategies to address the problem and call for both more research and operational experimentation.
Three Seas Economic Journal
Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to study the impact of criminal business activities on public order and stability of the country. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research is the theoretical and philosophical foundations of the origin of criminal business, its economic reasons, economic crime, competition, institutions. Practical Value. Depending on the scale of distribution and the volume of sales, drug trafficking is considered to be one of the most important areas of criminal activity. Criminality is a complex synthesis of legal, social, economic, political, psychological and other factors. The science of the mentioned phenomenon and its causes under the name of criminology was developed in the second half of the 19th century. However, the views were expressed by those who thought about it much earlier. The relevance of the topic. The scientific novelty of the research can be discussed in relation to the modern scientific and historical situation of the developme...
African Security Review
Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development
Current study empirically investigates the effect of various socioeconomic and law enforcement variables on crime rate by using cross-sectional time series data set of 35 districts of Punjab. An Interaction term of police strength with economic activity and divisional analysis on the basis of more or less crime dense districts has empirically proved that magnitude of deterrence effect of increasing police strength in a community depends upon its allocation regarding some specific characteristics of that area. An increase in Population growth and increase in Untraced Criminal cases by crime prevention authorities has a significant positive impact on crime rate of a society. While an increase in Economic Activity and Education level have a significant negative impact on crime rate. Initial findings have been obtained by applying fixed effect modal which are quite consistent with Log-linear, Least Square Dummy variable, Interaction term and Divisional analysis models that can be taken ...
Crime has become a major phenomenon across the world. Several studies found that macroeconomic variables were related with the occurrence of violent crime. This study attempts to examine the relationship between economic indicators, which is represented by, unemployment, GDP per capita and population density, towards violent crime. Data from the period of 1985 to 2014 have been collected. SPSS program was used for this study to analyze the model suggested. This study reveals that there is a significant relationship for unemployment and population density towards violent crime in Malaysia. In contrast, GDP per capita has no significant relationship towards violent crime in Malaysia. It was found that the violent crime is expected to increase for every one unit increase in unemployment and population density. While, the violent crime is expected to decrease for every increment in GDP per capita. This study also highlighted recommendation to the policy maker and potential subsequent researcher.
Using the time series data from 1990-2011, this paper is an attempt to explore the relationship between economic conditions and criminal activities in Pakistan. Three variables are being used for economic conditions like increasing female employment in labor market, CPI which denotes inflation and income inequality. We check their relationship with total reported crime with reference to Pakistan. The Augmented Dicky Fuller test is used for unit root process which suggested that all the variables are stationary at the 1 st level. For the long run relationship Johanson-Cointegration technique has been applied. After statistical procedure results suggested that female employment, inflation and the Gini index are strongly related with crime. Coefficient of Gini index is high which means that in long-run income inequality affects the crime more than other two because income inequality is a long-run phenomenon so it affect the criminal activities with great magnitude. Vector Correction Model (VCM) has been applied to check the short-run relationship between variables. VCM results suggested that the model we estimate is divergent. Divergent model mean that there is no adjustment from long-run to short-run between variables as they are going away from equilibrium. If we increase the lag length, the model can become divergent but due to crime data unavailability it was difficult to increase the observations and the lags as well. Research paper gives evidence that economic conditions have significant impact on crimes and increasing female employment which is considered as labor market improvement is positively related with crime in Pakistan. This relationship may be the result of market imperfections. Moreover inflation by decreasing purchasing power and income inequality by increasing the gap between social classes is also the cause of increasing crime and they contribute significantly in crime situation of country.
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