Profile of the displaced in Khartoum

This study was designed to identify the Drarfurians (Darfurians: Refers to Darfur States people of western Sudan that face ongoing civil war and tribal conflicts) displaced women's sustainable strategies to meet their basic livelihood survival needs in Khartoum, Sudan. The purposive non-random sampling technique was adopted to select 90 displaced women. Data were collected in the face-to-face interviews by using a pretested questionnaire and observation.The study findings indicated that the respondents live in extremely poor conditions, characterized by high illiteracy rates, large numbers of dependents and very low income. The displaced women were compelled to accept low paid jobs to meet their household basic needs. Displacement to urban centers does not create improved opportunities for a significant portion of city dwellers living in slums as squatters. The results also revealed that the displaced people in Khartoum live in poverty and have little access to employment in the formal sector. The displaced communities are vulnerable in terms of their physical and social capital. Females headed households such as widows, are at increased risk of abuse, exploitation, coercion and manipulation because of their gender and status. The survivals strategies adopted by the respondents include inter alia income generation activities such as street vending, wage labor, buying low price food items and secondhand clothes; and social networking with the displaced people coming from the same tribe and/or origin to cope with their difficult situation.

AJ, Volume 29, No 2, pp 4-24., 2012

This paper explores the dynamics of internal displacement in Sudan since independence. It discerns the changing patterns of displacement during the post-independence period and reveals the characteristics that they shared with earlier forms of forced migration. Special emphasis is given to factors such as the background of the displaced populations and the magnitude, nature and direction of the displacement and the role and response of the state to displacement. Emphasising these crucial factors reveals the overlapping nature and the similarities of these patterns of displacement and unravels further dynamics among and within them. The paper argues that internal displacement in Sudan has a long history of continuity and change. Despite their dynamic nature and their changing patterns, in essence, recent forms of 'internal displacement' largely represent a continuation of earlier trends of 'forced migration' and exploitative relations that accompanied the process of state formation and economic modernisation. Thus, several parallels can be drawn between recent patterns of 'internal displacement' and earlier forms of 'forced migration that can be dated back to the Turco-Egyptian state (1821-1885), the British administration (1898-1956) and Mahdist Khalifa's rule (1886-1889). Contemporary forms of displacement cannot be fully understood without relating them to these earlier trends. The paper also argues that a crucial factor of continuity in the earlier and contemporary displacements was that they were directly or indirectly associated with the process of state formation, as perceived and pursued by the ruling elite, and the management of peripheral populations, the expansion of the socioeconomic, political and geographical frontiers of the state. The paper argues that these processes reflect crucial features of Sudan's distinctive political economy, rather than reveal elements of its policy failure as widely perceived. 1.0 Population Displacement in Sudan Sudan is a product of a long history of migration and displacement. Modern Sudan, in particular, has witnessed numerous waves of 'in-migration' of peripheral populations towards the central riverain areas. 1 1 The term 'in-migration' is used in Sudan's political discourse to refer to internal migration, which is seen as different from internal displacement. Although in most cases these in-migrations have been voluntary and peaceful, on many occasions they have been forcible and coercive movements. The post-independence period, in particular, has witnessed the widespread use of non-peaceful means to manage peripheral populations and expand and accelerate the process of state formation. The period has also been marked by a series of civil wars and widespread famines. These wars and famines have triggered various and complex

Disasters, 2007

1987

I a m most grateful t o m y colleagues a t t h e Department of Social Anthropology and Sociology, University of Khartoum, Sudan for accommodating my leave of absence t o work on this book. The editing of t h e articles and t h e writing of my own a r t i c l e and t h e introduction was facilitated by t h e generous research g r a n t which I received f r o m t h e Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, Sweden. I t a k e this opportunity t o express my gratitude t o all t h e staff of t h e Institute f o r their gracious help and cooperation which contributed considerably t o t h e completion of this work. My thanks also go t o all those who commented on t h e first d r a f t s of t h e articles f o r their suggestions and revisions. In t h e last stages of production I a m thankful t o Mrs. P.A. Palmer f o r typing t h e final d r a f t and t o Dr. Margaret Mohamed Salih for reading and correcting t h e proofs. All shortcomings a r e nonetheless m y sole responsibility. A special debt of gratitude is due t o Margaret, my wife, and our daughter Hyat, for their patience and encouragement during my long periods of absence.

The Journal of Modern African Studies, 1985

Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1993

This study seeks to contribute to the growing literature on migration in developing countries by placing refugee resettlement into the larger context of social transformation in agrarian societies. Eastern Sudan has experienced a massive influx of refugees during the last twenty-five years as a consequence of the longest war in postcolonial Africa. This case study examines the process of resettlement by conceptualizing the mechanisms of accumulation and impoverishment that structure the economy into which refugees have moved from Eritrea. The socioeconomic processes of differentiation and commoditization associated with agrarian change are important mediators of the interaction between incoming refugees and the host community. I argue that it is in explicating the position of refugees in the social relations of production that one can understand why some refugees become markedly better off during exile while others remain destitute. Most Eritreans are forced to survive at the bottom of a new social and economic hierarchy. Faced with debilitating tenure relations, their main asset is their labor, but rigid agricultural wages have brought them decreasing returns over time. Added pressure exerted by the environment is apt to hasten the marginalization of refugees in Sudan and mitigate against a large-scale, spontaneous repatriation back to Eritrea. Data collected during 1986-87 and 1992 include survey research questionnaires, pastoral and scheme management studies, participant observation, and interviews with key actors and informants on-site as well as with members of the institutional hierarchy outside the immediate field site.

This paper examines both historic and contemporary causes that allowed southern Sudan in the period before nationalization to be structured as a zone of exceptional violence and exploitation.

GeoJournal, 1995

IJFAES, Vol (3), No (12), December 2024, 2024

The study dealt with the repercussions of the Sudan war and its social and economic repercussions on the city of Port Sudan, as the study aimed to reflect the suffering of the displaced, know the real numbers of them, shed light on their problems and propose appropriate solutions, as indicated by the impact of non-governmental organizations in providing them with assistance. The problem of the study was the weakness of the infrastructure, especially water and electricity services, which the state already suffers from, which negatively affects the suffering of the displaced. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach and the qualitative approach in social research. The study reached a number of results, the most important of which was that the displaced in the state are estimated at 239,000 displaced people residing in 80 shelter centers and 21,400 families residing outside the shelter centers. The city of Port Sudan contained 95% of the shelter centers. The most important problems of the displaced were the loss of sources of income, overcrowding in the shelter centers, the lack of adequate food, the inappropriateness of tents for the city's weather, and the instability of electricity. The King Salman Relief Center was one of the largest supporters of the displaced in addition to the Qatar Charity. The study also made some recommendations, the most important of which was the need to establish desalination plants for water, electricity or solar power generators, in addition to providing health and psychological care and rehabilitating toilets to take into account people with special needs.

2005

2011

This study was set out to examine household food security in post-conflict Southern Sudan. Over the past four years the Government of Southern Sudan and Development Partners have shown increased interest in accelerating agricultural development and food security in the country. This study provides insight into the key factors responsible for food insecurity, the challenges faced and household coping strategies employed to reduce and manage risk, assure food supply, improve dietary diversity and take advantage of economic opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. The problem addressed by this study was whether cereal (sorghum, millet, maize and wheat) availability in three of the ten states of Southern Sudan improved in the five year post conflict period (2004-2008). The study explored if cereal grain production increased and how households coped with the unavailability of cereal grain. The researcher gathered data and information from multiple sources, including 542 household questionnaires and nine focus group discussion conducted between June and August 2009. Quantitative analysis supplemented the extensive qualitative data sources. The major challenges experienced by households with regard to food security were limited access to extension services, production inputs, processing, credit/saving facilities, training, market information and physical infrastructure. Evidence showed that food insecurity occurred due to the lack or absence of feeder roads, communication and transport facilities, strategic value chain alliances and partnerships; and limited exposure to communities for learning in Southern Sudan. The study concluded that the availability of cereals at the household level was generally low, although cereal production increased by small increments across the study areas after the conflict period. However, the increase in cereal production was inadequate to support the cereal needs of households, leading to food insecurity. The study identified the major factors responsible for food insecurity at the household level in the study areas as conflict, drought, floods and erratic rains. Poor infrastructure, weak policies and lack of access to services to viii improve farm production were among the key constraints reported by households. These factors were perceived by all stakeholders as root causes of inadequate food production in the study area. Household production provided 56.6 % of household food consumption, but this was inadequate to provide year-round. Other food sources included purchases, food aid and gifts. Households relied largely on consumption-based coping strategies when faced with food shortages including: relying on less preferred food, limiting meal portion sizes, mothers reducing their food to allow children to eat and reducing the number of meals eaten per day. These strategies are detrimental to the nutritional status of household members; considering that proper nutrition is critical for active and productive life. Therefore, food insecurity was high in the study areas and detrimental coping strategies were widely practiced, raising concerns of hunger and malnutrition. Food insecurity in Southern Sudan needs to be addressed urgently. Direct interventions to support a significant scaling up of food production (beyond only cereal production) are needed to alleviate hunger, prevent malnutrition and provide for future food security especially among resettling refugees and demobilized soldiers. In many cases food aid and direct transfers of food is urgently needed to address the situation, but this should be short-term and part of an integrated plan to boost production of food at community level. Programmes should be developed to assist households should establish food gardens, diversify cropping and undertake non-farm activities in improving food production and productivity. The local communities should participate in community-based food security needs assessment with strong support provided by the county agriculture department and state Ministries of Agriculture. This must lead to the identification of implementation measures and development of food security plans and budgets that include both increased production and market access. An inter-sectoral Food Security Council (FSC) and a framework for action should be developed to include strategic management of cereal grain reserves, establishment of an effective and and ix efficient public distribution system, harmonisation of relevant sector policies and development of a well coordinated food security information system. Longitudinal studies are recommended to monitor the food security situation in Southern Sudan and gain a deeper understanding of household coping strategies to inform policies and programmes. Further research is recommended to investigate how to increase the supply of food, promoting dietary diversification, improve access to economic opportunities and manage risk to help vulnerable households become more resilient to absorb shocks, stresses and threats. x TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDS Bulletin, 2002

Unfolding of the Global Dimension L u ka B ion g D en g* 2 The magnitude of famine in 1998 2.1 Malnutrition The nutritional status of a community during a 'complex emergency' is generally assessed through

2004

The civil wars in Sudan have resulted in the displacement of roughly 60,000 people in the White Nile State. Internally displaced people (IDP) in Kosti, Sudan face food and nutrition insecurity, as well as poor health and environmental conditions, which are compounded by economic hardships. The data used in this study is from the ADRA/Sudan Kosti Food Security Initiative Baseline Survey. The Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) planned to carry out a nutrition and health intervention program targeted at the IDP in the Kosti region of Sudan. The aim of the program was to enhance health and nutritional conditions by improving primary health care, supplemental feeding, water security, and sanitation. The statistical analysis reported here focused on the health and nutrition conditions of children aged 6 to 24 months and the determinants of these conditions.

2020