Some Question of the Activities of Xinjiang in the Kokand Khanate

The article is devoted to studying the activity of the people of Xinjiang in Khokand Kh anate in 1709 -1876. Because of the sources and materials of scientific researches it is determined the level of their participation in political and social-economic processes in the khanate.

2014

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze main directions of khaganats expansion. The problem statement is to understand the concept of the influence of space on the development of history is not enough just to study historical events. The close relationship of human being, land and space requires deep study of this issue. For the nomad and sedentary people the notion of belonging to a specific space, the definition of its territory and their boundaries were not identical. Often uncertainty of the territory, the boundaries of the territories in these matters gave rise to various conflicts and wars. Currently these relationships are defined and regulated by law. In this regard, the question arises: how the nomads of Eurasia defined territory and boundaries of individual tribes and the state as a whole 1300-1400 years ago,? In this article the author suggests to consider this issue on the sample of West Khaganat. This is one of the strongest states of Central Asian in VII-VIII centu...

The Chinese modernisation programme has affected even the remotest high mountain pastures of Xinjiang. The dynamics of such processes are exemplifi ed in a case study from the Chinese Pamirs and are analysed in regard to their importance for adaptation and development. Based on a diachronic examination of transformation processes related to Kirghiz nomads, special emphasis is put on four stages of transformation that might lead from mobile pastoralism to a township settlement. Developments affecting the Kirghiz nomads of Little Kara Köl may be classifi ed as transformations in space and time, resulting in the integration of this marginal region into the permanently settled areas of Xinjiang. Externalities in the fi eld of social structure and political administration have supported this integration and growing dependence on the commercial and service centres of the foreland oases.

China Journal, The, 2009

AВSTRACT Shokan Ualikhanov is a scientist who made a huge contribution to the history of Central Asia. Shokan's works were not only known worldwide while he was alive but also were of great value to science these days. He was not only noticed by virtue of his special talent, knowledge, good observance and high intelligent skills and being an orientalist hopeful about the future among the highly-qualified Russian scientists but also on top of that he was the first Kazakh scientist who left a considerable mark on European science and culture. Followed by the outstanding Marko Polo, Shokan Ualikhanov's travel to Kashgar was the first brave deed by giving a many-sided discription of blind spots in Cetral Asia and introducing them to Europe. In this research Shokan Ualikhanov's contibution to the study of the history of Middle Ages in Cetral Asia was realized, his works in this field were analized. The research was carried out by comparing historic, many-sided analisis and combination, order and other scientific tutorial approaches on top. A great attention was paid to the worldwide developing science of biography. A scientic heritage of a person was analyzed, his contribution to science and art, while investigating, the development of the whole civilization was taken into consideration. Sh. Ualihanov widely put into practice different kinds of research methods, which are necessary now days too. For instance, Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, нistorical research employs a number of methods and makes use of a wide range of source materials. These include oral sources in relation to the recent past, based on interviews in which respondents recall their own experiences as historical evidence. Nevertheless, analysis of documents has been the most characteristic and traditional method employed in modern historical research as distinct from social research. The established practices of working historians are therefore a key point of departure in addressing documentary research, although historians have tended not to reflect in detail or depth on this central aspect of their craft [1]. Also, you can not to write and to analyze information without the participant observation. As Harvey Russell Bernard said, more and more researches these days, across the social sciences, have learned what a powerful method powerful participant observation is it all stages of the research process. The method stands on its own, but it is also increasingly part of a mixed-method strategy, as researches combine qualitative data to answer questions of interest. The ethnography produced ideas for policy recommendations and for the content for the questionnaire. The questionnaire data illuminated and validated many of the things that the ethnographer learned during participant observation [2]. Shokan Ualikhanov was the first who established in the scientific circle a new type of historic data, oral folk traditions of Kazakh and Kirgiz people. Our research was mainly based on the works of Shokan Ualikhanov. Especially, Shokan Ualikhanov's works in the history of Central Asia were widely used in the research. These are: «Zhongar features», the legend «Manas», Sh. Ualikhanov's «Khan's orders» reviewed by Berezin I.N., «The remains of shamanism in Kazakhstan», «Kazakh genealogy», «Six spheres or Chinese province Nan-Lu (Small Bukhariya) about the life in six eastern towns between 1858 and 1859». Certainly, Shokan left works connected with the present time and we only worked by analyzing his works.

Journal Space and Culture, India, 2019

The main aim of the research is to analyse the process of transformation of the nomadic Kazakh society in the 18th Century and the first half of the 19th Centuries. Based on the archival materials, the authors concluded that in the period under study, actual private ownership of pastures was emerging in the nomadic Kazakh society.

2006

These questions can be approached from several different angles; however, our sources set objective limits to potential directions of research. For us, the most serious of these drawbacks is the taciturnity of Central Asian sources about non-spectacular social facts, such as the mode of life and subsistence of their protagonists. It is only by chance that they occasionally inform us about the nomadic background of certain individuals or groups, in tantalizing short statements in the context of some extraordinary event. Before taking a closer look at 18 th century Bukhara, my special area of research, 2 it is perhaps worthwhile recalling the wider historical and geographical setting and adopting a more general view on the persistence and constraints of nomadic rule in a sedentary context. Reviewing a vast sample of nomadic states which subjugated sedentary groups, Anatoly Khazanov distinguishes between two main historical scenarios or tendencies in the emergence and evolution of nomadic statehood. "States of the first type (...) are those in which the subjugation and conquest of the sedentary population basically result in vassal-tribute or other primitive, and not always completely regulated forms of collective dependence and exploitation. These states were usually most stable and longterm where nomads and the sedentary population continued to inhabit separate ecological zones." 3 "States of the second type are particularly characteristic of those situations in which nomads, after conquering a sedentary state, or during the process of conquest, moved onto the territory of this state and began to divide the same ecological zones between themselves and agriculturalists." 4 2 An earlier draft of the paper was presented at the Conference "Civilizations of Central Asia: Sedentary and Nomadic Peoples" in Samarkand, September 25-28, 2002. I am indepted to the participants in the discussion, especially Roziya Mukminova (Tashkent) and Isenbike Togan (Ankara). I also want to thank all those who helped me to prepare the revised version of this paper by sharing some of their knowledge, skills and time with me:

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis

This article discusses archeological research as an important source (on the example of some researchers of the twentieth century) in the study of traditional economic activities of the Uzbek people. Historical analysis has shown that some of the scientific works of that period were dominated by the research of historical archeology of the former Soviet period and the influence of history on the idea that the economy of the ancient peoples of Central Asia, especially the Uzbeks, was formed mainly nomadic. This is because the diversity of views and sometimes unscientific notions on the way of life of the peoples of Central Asia, which still persist in science, are sometimes linked to the fact that the economy of the Uzbek people has long been associated with the territories inhabited and now occupied by oases and valleys.