Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production

In agricultural parts, the main consumers of fuel are diesel engines and agricultural machinery. Between agricultural Machineries Tractors and combines are the greatest consumers of diesel fuel. Bio-diesel is an alternative to petroleum-based fuels derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and used waste cooking oil including triglycerides. Using low-cost feedstocks such as rendered animal fats in biodiesel production will cause biodiesel expenditures to be reduced. The aim of this study was to obtain a new and environmentally friendly process for developing biodiesel production technology from waste animal fats, as an inedible and inexpensive feedstock (as low cost sustainable potential feed stock for biodiesel production). Their main characteristic was high free fatty acid content. This is based on a study of the amounts of residual fat that is possible to recover from local animal butchery (Slaughterhouse). Waste animal fat is considered a promising cheap alternative feedstock for biodiesel production that does not compete with food stock. In addition, using waste animal fat as a feedstock is considered a waste management process.The data resulted from gas chromatography (GC) revealed these percentages for fatty acid compositions: myristic acid (3%), palmitic acid (27%), stearic acid (0.19%), oleic acid (59%), linoleic acid (3%) and gadoleic acid (5.5%). Animal fats were transesterified with acid catalyst and basic catalyst with and without preesterification. Pre-treatment was effective for fats with different FFA content. Alkali transesterification of esterified fats resulted in a product with 98 wt. % ester content. Biodiesel quality was evaluated and most of properties were well within EN 14214.

2014

This work presents and analyses the fat and fuel properties and the methyl ester profile of biodiesel from animal fats and fish oil (beef tallow, pork lard, chicken fat and sardine oil). Also, their sustainability is evaluated in comparison with rapeseed biodiesel and fossil diesel, currently the dominant liquid fuels for transportation in Europe. Results show that from a technological point of view it is possible to use animal fats and fish oil as feedstock for biodiesel production. From the sustainability perspective, beef tallow biodiesel seems to be the most sustainable one, as its contribution to global warming has the same value of fossil diesel and in terms of energy efficiency it has the best value of the biodiesels under consideration. Although biodiesel is not so energy efficient as fossil diesel there is room to improve it, for example, by replacing the fossil energy used in the process with renewable energy generated using co-products (e.g. straw, biomass cake, glycerine).

Journal of Oleo Science, 2006

Recent petroleum crisis (1), increasing cost and unavailability of petroleum diesel gave impetus to the scientists to work on alternative fuel, biodiesel. Biodiesel has been gaining worldwide popularity as an alternative energy source because it is non toxic, biodegradable & non flammable and has significantly fewer emissions than petroleum-based diesel (petrodiesel) when burned.Biodiesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non-edible) and animal fats, that runs in diesel engines-cars, buses, trucks, construction equipment, boats, generators, and oil home heating units. Various edible and non edible vegetable oils, like rice bran oil, coconut oil, Jatropha curcas, castor oil, cottonseed oil, mahua, karanja which are either surplus and are nonedible type, can be used for the preparation of biodiesel. (2). It is an alternative fuel derived from the conversion of agricultural lipids and a simple alcohol into fatty acid alkyl ester and glycerol and is defined as "mono alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or animal fats". These natural oils and fats are made up mainly of triglycerides. These triglycerides have striking similarity to petroleum derived diesel so that it is known as "biodiesel". Biodiesel functions in current diesel engines, and is a possible candidate to replace fossil fuels as the world's primary transport energy source.

World energy demand is expected to increase due to the expanding urbanization, better living standards and increasing population. At a time when society is becoming increasingly aware of the declining reserves of fossil fuels beside the environmental concerns, it has become apparent that biodiesel is destined to make a substantial contribution to the future energy demands of the domestic and industrial economies, so objective of this model is saving of conventional fuel and find out alternate fuel better fuel to reduce polluted emission from vehicles. Survey of the research paper for reduce the conventional fuel use in such polluted world and use biodiesel in place of that which is made up of non-edible oils plants and animal waste fats. For doing work on biodiesel fuel production and its performance in diesel engine for better emission from engine.

Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012

of Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as CO2, CO, SO2, etc. requires introduction of new substitute fuels from renewable energy resources [1]. As well, requirement of high-energy in the developed countries, as much in the domestic sector, as in industry and transport, its raise in price, and the problems associated with use of non-renewable fossil fuels, etc., makes it even more essential to develop renewable sources of energy of unlimited period and lesser environmental effects than the conventional ones [2,3]. Additionally, in the last century the energy consumption globally has increased by 22.6-fold [4]. As a result the World energy demand in 2002 was 3.8 × 1018 GJ and nearly 81% of it was derived from fossil fuels [5]. Another report showed that fossil fuel account to 88% of the main energy consumption, with coal (29%), natural gas (24%) and oil (35% share) as the key fuels. And hydroelectricity and nuclear energy account for 6% and 5% respectively of the total primary energy consumption [6]. Therefore, the search for alternative biofuels such as biodiesel is increasingly becoming important Worldwide. Biodiesel as a renewable energy source has great potential to be used as a substitute fuel in diesel engines [7][8][9][10][11]. Besides, the environmental benefits associated in burning biodiesel fuels such as lower emissions of particulate matter and greenhouse gases for instance CO,. Thus the reductions in net CO2 emissions are projected in Philippines at 80.8-109.3% of diesel displaced by coconut biodiesel [20]. In the United States, the driving force behind the search for biodiesel fuels is primarily environmental concerns [21].

Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023

Fossil fuel sources are under a heavy strain as a result of the rapid population growth and corresponding increase in the demand for fossil fuels and the suitable substitute of technically viable, affordable and environmentally friendly biofuels are required. Biodiesel is considered to be one of the most prominent alternate fuel sources. Biodiesel which is renewable and nontoxic is usually derived from sustainable bioenergy sources, such as animal fats, edible and inedible sources of urban waste, and oil seed crops. The kinds of bio-oils used as a source of primary materials for the production of biodiesel are crucial. Because the fatty acid types and ratios in the bio-oil used are a good indicator of the fuel quality of the biodiesel. Dilution, micro-emulsion, pyrolysis, and trans-esterification are some of the common processes that are used to produce biodiesel. This article presents a systematic review of biodiesel resources and focuses on various production processes and cost comparison analysis of production of biodiesel using different feedstocks as per the policy and regulation of the international standards for production of biodiesel.

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali-catalysis gives high levels of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl esters in short reaction times. This process has therefore been widely utilized for biodiesel fuel production in a number of countries. The characteristics of biodiesel have made the pursuit of high quality biodiesel production attractive. Utilization of waste cooking oil is a key component in reducing biodiesel production costs up to 60–90%. Researchers have used various types of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification reaction for biodiesel production. The main hurdle to the commercialization of this system is the cost of lipase production. As a means of reducing the cost, the use of whole cell biocatalysts immobilized within biomass support particles is significantly advantageous since immobilization can be achieved spontaneously during batch cultivation, and in addition, no purification is necessary. Consequently, the study of the transformation of waste of vegetable and animal fats is promising and has great potential for industrial application.

This research paper consist of attention to acquiring knowledge of preparation of different blends of biodiesel using catalyst methyl ester from unused animal fat, and in this we assess engine analysis and performance of respective blends. Need of preparation of biodiesel emerges due to energy crisis. Energy crisis has become very serious and significant problem all over the world and it is better understand by more and more energy users. Bio-diesel can be made from many vegetables like jatropha, soyabean, sunflower, Mexicana seeds and waste cooking oil but This vegetables oils are edible and useful for human being hence we will look for another feedstock .We derived biodiesel from waste chicken fat along with small percentage of low fat oil.

Mainly animal fats and vegetable oils are used for the production of biodiesel. Several types of fuels can be derived from triacylglycerol-containing feedstock. Biodiesel which is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is produced by transesterifying the oil or fat with methanol under mild conditions in the presence of a base catalyst. This work deals with fuel production, fuel properties and coproducts with the use of glycerol which is the by-product in esterification process along with biodiesel.

Materials Science Forum, 2012

The increasing in the world population has continuously increased the energy demand. As an effective fuel, petroleum has been serving the world to meet its energy needs. Continued use of petroleum sourced fuels is widely recognized as unsustainable because of depleting supplies and all the environmental issues around its use could be responsible for a major deficit in the future. Thus, the development of alternative energy sources, are to be welcomed. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has many benefits. It is biodegradable, non-toxic and compared to petroleum-based diesel, has a more favorable combustion emission profile, such as low emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter and unburned hydrocarbons. In brief, these merits make biodiesel a good alternative to petroleum based fuel. The use of alternative feedstock as waste cooking oils (WCO), bovine fats and microalgae oil for biodiesel production has some advantages. It is cheaper than edible vegetable oils and it is a way to valorize a sub-product. Nevertheless, these oils has some contaminants, which can reduce the quality of biodiesel, a problem that was solved by testing different operating conditions and equipment designs for each stage of processing. The technological assessment of this process was carried out to evaluate their technical benefits, limitations and quality of final product. In this work biodiesel was produced by an alkali-catalyzed transesterification, a reaction involving the WCO feedstock and an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol. The evaluation of quality from raw materials and final biodiesel was performed according to standard EN 14214. Results show that all parameters analyzed meet the standard and legislation requirements. This evidence proves that in those operating conditions the biodiesel produced from WCO, bovine fats and microalgae can substitute petroleum-based diesel.