COVID-19 One Health Approach

World is threatened with the emergence and spread of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. As of April 9, 2020, 1 436 198 confirmed cases were confirmed worldwide causing 85 522 deaths is being reported. In India, 6638 cases have been reported till 9/04/2020. Among total the cases, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu is being reported as the highly effected area with 1346 and 834 cases. This virus that causes COVID-19 can infect people of all ages. However, evidence to date suggests that two groups of people are at a higher risk of getting severe COVID-19 disease as reported by WHO. Infection is acquired either by inhalation of these droplets or touching surfaces contaminated by them and then touching the nose, mouth and eyes. As currently there are no such specific treatments for this infection, prevention is the only way to be safe. As infected individuals are hospitalized, human patients should immediately be given symptomatic and supportive treatment as per severity of symptoms. Immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody treatment can be used as an era in infectious disease prevention. The global impact of this new epidemic is yet uncertain.

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 2021

Covid19 (Coronavirus) is a life-threatening virus that mainly affects our respiratory system, kidney, and GIT tract. People with a low immune system in their body fall prey to it. This virus (2019-nCoV) spreads easily from one person to another. As there is no treatment to kill the virus, the only way to stop this pandemic is through precautions and reduce the viral load in the body. This review reveals the main types of coronaviruses, history, pathophysiology, current treatment, drawbacks of current treatment, targets for drug development against Covid-19, vaccines discovered for covid-19, side effects of the currently available vaccines, and current status of this situation. The main mechanism of action of the virus easily enters to bind with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the human body cells. Management of the virus several approaches will be taken mainly isolation of the patients and contacts the contacts, oxygen therapy for respiratory failure patients based on the severity Remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Chloroquine, and Hydroxychloroquine, Alpha-interferon and plasma therapy can be used to control the infections. In India, AYUSH is also recommended to enhance the immune system through herbal-based products, Vaccination is also recommended by most of the countries, but many side effects and drug-drug interactions were reported for the above treatments. So that in future a new way of approach should be developed by our health organization as soon as possible.

Coronaviruses

Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a transmissible illness produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has now quickly expanded since its outbreak in Wuhan City of Hubei region of China to the other parts of the world. In accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the spread of COVID-19 emerges typically human- to-humans through respiratory droplets within an area of 1-2 meters. Aim and Objective: In the present perspective, we have discussed some of the measures taken to prevent and treat the patients suffering from COVID-19, and how to restrict further spread of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Results: The general clinical properties are fever, cough, sore throat, headache, tiredness, myalgia and difficulty in breathing. Presently no approved treatments for COVID-19, as of now, no pharmaceutical products have been revealed to be harmless and efficient for the management of COVID-19. Various anti-viral medi...

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, this disease has spread rapidly around the globe. On 11 March 2020, WHO declared Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak as a pandemic and reiterated the call for countries to take immediate actions and scale up the response to treat, detect and reduce transmission to save people’s lives. As of 3 April 2020, according to the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), a total of 2301 COVID-19 cases (including 55 foreign nationals) have been reported in 29 states/union territories. These include 156 who have been cured/discharged,1 who has migrated, and 56 deaths in India. Considering the potential threat of a pandemic, scientists and physicians have been racing to understand this new virus and the pathophysiology of this disease to uncover possible treatment regimens and discover effective therapeutic agents and vaccines. The objective of this review article was to have a preliminary...

Journal of Advances in Microbiology

Coronavirus infection is a zoonotic disease of viral origin. The SARS-CoV-2 is the novel virus that causes the ongoing pandemic affecting the global community hence a very big threat to the global public health. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected Wuhan, China and reported to World Health Organization (WHO) country office in China on 31st December 2019. It has since been spreading, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As at 19 May, there are about 4.8 million cases of Covid-19 with 316,169 deaths reported in more 188 countries of the world. The initial transmission appeared to be from an animal source, but there has been person to person transmission in the affected countries. A lot of preventive and control measures have employed to severe transmission. Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression and mitigation. Currently there is no specific vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. This work reviewed the Coronavirus Disease 19, its epidemiolog...

Acta scientific pharmaceutical sciences, 2020

The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 and more than two million people have infected by the virus worldwide. Human-to-human transmission is the main reason for its rapid spread internationally. Published data from the recent studies on COVID-19 were collected from different official websites and SCI and non-SCI journals, following electronic retrieval process. The SARS-CoV-2 showed several life-threatening infections, in the community as well as health care settings. Up to date, there is no specific drug of choice to treat COVID-19. As per the WHO suggestion, in order to combat COVID-19 related global clinical issues, some mitigation strategies including self-isolation recommended. This review-based study inspects the issues on COVID-19 and its emerging global infection burden, epidemiology, detection, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, control and prevention.

Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 2020

A novel threat to mankind by novel coronavirus infection occurred in December 2019 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Situation Report-141, 7,039,918 confirmed cases and 404,396 death cases were observed till 9 June 2020 in the different regions of world Therefore, this article aims to summarize and share the update on the present status of the outbreak and possible treatment options The present review focuses on latest statistics, diagnostic and preventive measures under study and the future planning of the researchers to discover an effective cure for this threat to the mankind For carrying out this review, literature searches were performed on Clinicaltrials gov, official website of WHO,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PubMed, Google scholars, etc Data from these searches was collected and evaluated for getting the available literature on COVID-19 outbreak and drugs under study The details of history, virology, epidemiology, possible therapeutic options, ...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (S) protein that exists on its surface. This binding causes the entry of the virus into cells of the host organism. The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. A total of 44,322,504 cases, a 1,173,189 death toll and 32,486,703 recovery cases have been reported in 217 countries globally as of 28 October 2020. Symptoms from the infection of the virus include chest pain, fever, fatigue, nausea, and others. Acute respiratory stress syndrome, arrhythmia, and shock are some of the chronic manifestations recorded in severe COVID-19. Transmissio...

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences

The novel SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus that emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, last year and spread all over the world countries and caused the worst ever pandemic situation. This deadly virus held the entire world to be in high alert. Considering its seriousness, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international concern. Govt. of India and its all allied organizations are working together and trying hard to control it and avoid the situation of community transmission. Nationwide lockdown helped to control the transmission but after unlock it transmitted speedily in the community, which is the alarming sign for everyone. In this review, the attempt is made to focus on published research articles on coronavirus disease, mode of transmission and disinfection measures, the current state of research, treatment protocol so those common people can understand its gravity and follow the measures stringently.

WCRJ 2020; 7: e1586, 2020

An outbreak of a new virus novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-CoV) infection has modeled significant extortions to the economy and international health. This virus affects the lower respiratory tract and manifests as pneumonia in humans. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts, the incidence of COVID-19 continues to rise, with 752,747 laboratory-confirmed cases and over 36,226 deaths worldwide. In the absence of any vaccine for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here we have directed an online for all options for treating this coronavirus infection as well as some RNA virus infection. Further, we have also found that general treatments, coronavirus-specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID-19. We suggest some nutritional elements that can protect us from the infection of this virus. Also, we can use convalescent plasma to COVID-19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest some potential interventions to control the emerging COVID-19 if the infection is uncontrollable.