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2016, SSRN Electronic Journal
We run experiments with a stag hunt and bargaining coordination game. Using a between-subjects design, we vary the identity of the opponent between someone of the same culture or a different culture. The idea is to see whether cultural norms or identity play a part in coordination decisions. We compare the responses of British and Asian students at the University of Exeter and show the cultural identity of the opponent by physical appearance. The players appear to use cultural stereotypes to predict behaviour, especially in the bargaining game which may require more strategic thought than the stag hunt game. In particular, the British act in way that indicates they believe the Asians will behave more cautiously than other British. According to our results, the stereotype of Asians being cautious is misleading.
Theory and Decision, 2020
We investigate how people coordinate within their own cultures, compared to interactions with people from different cultures. As players are likely to experience more ambiguity when playing a different culture, we expect players to choose safer strategies. We run experiments with a stag hunt and bargaining coordination game. Using a between-subjects design, we vary the identity of the opponent between someone of the same culture or a different culture. We compare the responses of British and East Asian students at the University of Exeter and show the cultural identity of the opponent by physical appearance. The players appear to use cultural stereotypes to predict behaviour, especially in the bargaining game which may require more strategic thought than the stag hunt game. In particular, the British act as though East Asians would behave more cautiously than other British. According to our results, the stereotype of East Asians being cautious is misleading.
University of Michigan, mimeo, 2010
As the workforce becomes increasingly diverse, motivating individuals from different backgrounds to work together effectively is a major challenge facing organizations. In a experiment conducted at two large public universities in the United States, we manipulate the salience of participants' multidimensional natural identities and investigate the effects of identity on coordination and cooperation in a series of prisoner's dilemma games. By priming a fragmenting (ethnic) identity, we find that, compared to the control, Asians exhibit significantly more ingroup cooperation and outgroup discrimination, while Caucasians are not responsive to ethnic priming. In comparison, priming a common organization (school) identity effectively reduces group bias for Asians in the coordination game, resulting in a significant increase of both ingroup and outgroup cooperation. However, in games with a unique inefficient Nash equilibrium, the effects of priming a common identity are more complex. While priming alleviates the negative effects of the competitiveness stereotype on cooperation among UCLA Asians, it enhances such negative effects among University of Michigan Asians.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014
We examine different populations' play in coordination games in online experiments with over 1,000 study participants. Study participants played a two-player coordination game that had multiple equilibria: two equilibria with highly asymmetric payoffs and another equilibrium with symmetric payoffs but a slightly lower total payoff. Study participants were predominantly from India and the United States. Study participants residing in India played the strategies leading to asymmetric payoffs significantly more frequently than study participants residing in the United States who showed a greater play of the strategy leading to the symmetric payoffs. In addition, when prompted to play asymmetrically, the population from India responded even more significantly than those from the United States. Overall, study participants' predictions of how others would play were more accurate when the other player was from their own populations, and they coordinated significantly more frequentl...
2012
Stereotypes are cognitive schemas that influence our perception, beliefs and behavior toward members of a social group . While culture is a salient social group characteristic and an important contextual cue for schema activation , there is limited research on cultural stereotypes and perception change in international negotiations. compromising, or (c) by employing an "expanding the pie" problem solving approach. After viewing the videos, participants rated negotiators on positive and negative attributes as a measure of perception. We found in-group bias across all observers, change in perceptions across different stages, and variation of initial stereotypes as a function of negotiation outcome.
Economic Inquiry
An experiment is reported for payoff-equivalent public good and common pool games with high caste and low caste West Bengali villagers. Tests are reported for models of unconditional social preferences, models of reciprocity, and cultural identity. Results from the artefactual field experiment indicate that when information about caste is withheld no significant difference is observed in the efficiency of play between the villagers and student subjects at American universities in games with positive and negative externalities. In contrast, making the hereditary class structure salient induces different behavior among villagers. Providing caste information leads to: (i) the lowest level of efficiency when low caste first movers interact with a low caste second mover, and (ii) the highest level of efficiency when high caste first movers interact with a high caste second mover. Cross-caste play generates intermediate levels of efficiency.
Motivation: Due to recent media coverage (war coverage of Ukraine vs. Palestine vs. Congo), religious phobia-based issues during World Cup 2022, or lack of exposure to other(s), the authors' curiosity was triggered to examine how potential cognitive biases might impact decision making concerning global environmental issues. Since the effects of the biases are not fully understood nor fully valued, this paper is exploring the topic further. Objectives: The paper illustrates the mediating effect of cognitive biases on decision-making (DV = dependent variable) based on global environmental issues concerning natural disasters (IV = independent variable in the form of flooding). Natural disasters from three continents are displayed and bio-sensory data was collected to measure participants' biological responses to the video clips shown. The decisionmaking (DV) following these displayed events (IV) is mediated by possible cognitive biases present during the decision-making process (here how personal or public funding is distributed in a simulation). Based on these situations evaluated merely centered around media coverage, subjects make decisions on relief funding, similar to how UN decision-makers are appropriating emergency response funds. Ultimately, the study shows that the personal impact perceived by individuals and their respective nations through natural disasters or crises is moderated by cognitive bias. Methodology (what was done, how was it done) and validation: The study is based on a between-subject design of three groups of participants including subjects from Asia, Africa, and Europe. Utilizing different biosensors (eye tracking, facial expression analysis, and galvanic skin responses), biodata visualizations and statistics are collected and their correlation to decision-making was examined. Subjects are composed of a convenience sample of tertiary education students in southern Bavaria, aged 18-35 years. Validation takes place based on standard quality criteria measures. Major results: Decision-making is based on a perceived needs basis (social security, economy, and support system in the country) and mediated through cognitive biases based on similarity to own cultural, ethnic, and geographical background. Conclusion: Research shows that cognitive bias is omnipresent with an ethnocentric focus on decisionmaking.
Political Analysis, 2021
Economics games such as the Dictator and Public Goods Games have been widely used to measure ethnic bias in political science and economics. Yet these tools may fail to measure bias as intended because they are vulnerable to self-presentational concerns and/or fail to capture bias rooted in more automatic associative and affective reactions. We examine a set of misattribution-based approaches, adapted from social psychology, that may sidestep these concerns. Participants in Nairobi, Kenya completed a series of common economics games alongside versions of these misattribution tasks adapted for this setting, each designed to detect bias toward noncoethnics relative to coethnics. Several of the misattribution tasks show clear evidence of (expected) bias, arguably reflecting differences in positive/negative affect and heightened threat perception toward noncoethnics. The Dictator and Public Goods Games, by contrast, are unable to detect any bias in behavior toward noncoethnics versus co...
Social Cognition, 2005
Yale undergraduates implicitly preferred their university to a competitor. However, implicit preferences for smaller residential colleges (RCs) within the university reflected the status of the RC in the local culture, despite the fact that RC membership was randomly assigned. Consistent with system justification theory, members of lower-status RCs showed depressed implicit ingroup preference. Implicit cognitions related to university adhered to principles of balanced cognitive consistency. However, implicit cognitions related to residential colleges did not show cognitive consistency. These data suggest that although group membership predisposes one to favor the ingroup, implicit ingroup preferences can be attenuated when the ingroup is not culturally valued. Moreover, differences in group status can disrupt the tendency to maintain consistency among self-and group-related cognitions.
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2010
Stereotyping is one of the largest and most enduring research areas in social and personality psychology; many of the processes by which stereotypes are formed, maintained, and applied are now well understood. Yet, little is known about the degree to which stereotyping processes apply outside of North American and Western European contexts. This theoretical paper aims to serve as a starting point for researchers interested in the intersection of culture and stereotyping. We review the nascent literature documenting similarities and differences in intergroup perception across cultural groups and note areas in which the cross-cultural and stereotyping literatures have explored common mechanisms that could be profitably integrated. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research that will greatly improve our understanding of how culturally influenced cognitive tendencies influence the perception of social groups and their members.
2016
We extend a model of ‘stereotyping’ by allowing agents to exert control over their perceived identities. The logic of individuals’ identity choices induces a positive selection of the more talented individuals into a group with a superior reputation. Thus, the inequality deriving from the stereotyping of endogenously constructed groups is at least as great as the inequality that can emerge when perceived identity is not malleable. Among the human behaviors illuminated by this theory are: (1) the selective outmigration from a stigmatized group and (2) the production of the indices of differentiation by better-off members of the negatively stereotyped group.
Induvidually rational agents are not always capable of simulating human behavior correctly. For instance, in addition to efficiency, fairness plays an important role in human bargaining decisions. The current state of the art proposes two models of human fairness. A shortcoming of these models is that they assume that all agents treat each other equally initially. In this paper, we discuss that this assumption is false, due to (among others) the human tendency to use stereotypes. To investigate this matter we set up an online survey in which we let people play Ultimatum Games versus fictive visible opponents differing in race, age, gender, wealth and attractiveness. A small subset of these opponents is being played against by each survey subject. We rank the fictive opponents using two different methods. The absolute ranking arises from ordering the average payoffs of each individual opponent. The relative ranking arises by asking each survey subject about their preferences on certain image pairs. We use the CollaboRank algorithm [10] to aggregate the gathered personal preferences into a global relative ranking. A high correlation between the absolute and the relative ranking gives interesting insight into the explanatory power of these rankings. Clear patterns in both of the rankings shows that stereotypes do play an important role in bargaining games.
International Studies of Management & Organization, 2020
This study tests the influence of culture on group decision-making behavior among respondents in Korea and Germany. For our field experiment we are using an ultimatum game design, played among participants in Korea and in a benchmark experiment in Germany. We find evidence that taking the mosaic view of culture and making subjects aware of shared affective ties, based on age, educational-institution and regional origin, leads to differences in economic decisions, contrary to what neoclassical economic theory would suggest. Our results indicate that awareness of common group membership in some cultural contexts orients decision-makers toward upholding social norms that induces a greater preference for more selfless, in-group interested decisions, while anonymity makes personal identity salient and promotes more self-interested economic decisions. These effects are more pronounced in Korean participants compared with German participants.
Psychological Science, 2008
2007
Economic globalisation promotes the interaction between individuals of different cultures. While experimental economists have established differences in the way individuals from different nations interact within their own cultures, behavioural differences in cross-cultural interactions have not been sufficiently explored. This paper reports the results of ultimatum game experiments in which Malaysian Chinese and UK subjects played opponents of their own as well as of the other culture. We confirm the existence of cultural difference in subject behaviour in both intra-and inter-national interactions. This evidence is discussed in terms of the possibility of a 'clash of cultures'. JEL-Classification: C78, C91, D64, Z13
Economic Inquiry, 2014
In a period marked by extensive cross‐national interactions, nationality may present an important focal point that individuals coordinate on. This study uses an experimental approach to study whether nationality serves as a coordination device. We let subjects from Japan, Korea, and China play coordination games in which we vary information about their partner. The results show that nationality serves as a coordination device if common nationality is the only piece of information available to the subjects. The strength of this device is nationality‐dependent and diminishes when participants are provided with additional information about their partner. We also find that subjects are likely to coordinate on the Pareto‐dominant equilibrium at about the same rate if the partner has a different nationality than if nationality is unknown. (JEL C91, C92, Z1, Z13)
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2005
This research examines how differences in cultural orientation influence causal attributions and thus the behavioral outcomes in an incomplete information bargaining situation. Using ultimatum bargaining, three experiments demonstrate that acceptance rates differ across Western and East Asian cultures because of the differences in implicit theories of behavior. The results of experiment 1 shows that East Asians are more sensitive to both external constraints and group influences but only when there is information about the opponent's situation to discount personality traits. Experiment 2 shows that reasons for an opponent's behavior mediate the influence of cultural orientation on bargaining outcomes when situational constraints are made salient. Experiment 3 shows that reasons for an opponent's behavior based on the saliency of a group context mediate the influence of cultural orientation on behavior. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the findings and suggesting directions for future research.
Academy of Management Journal, 1991
This study examined the hypothesis that differences in the cultural norms of Anglo-Americans and three other ethnic groups-Asian, Hispanic, and Black Americans-will result in different behaviors on a group task. Student subjects were assigned to ethnically diverse or all-Anglo groups. Individual and group responses were measured using a Prisoner's Dilemma task in which participants could choose to compete or cooperate with another party. We hypothesized that groups composed of people from collectivist cultural traditions would display more cooperative hehavior than groups composed of people from individualistic cultural traditions. Results confirmed this hypothesis. Implications for future research and for organizations seeking to manage diversity are discussed.
Social Science Computer Review, 2013
The theory of constructuralism describes how shared knowledge, representative of cultural forms, develops between individuals through social interaction. Constructuralism argues that through interaction and individual learning, the social network (who interacts with whom) and the knowledge network (who knows what) coevolve. In the present work, we extend the theory of constructuralism and implement this extension in an agent-based model (ABM). Our work focuses on the theory’s inability to describe how people form and utilize stereotypes of higher order social structures, in particular observable social groups and society as a whole. In our ABM, we formalize this theoretical extension by creating agents that construct, adapt, and utilize social stereotypes of individuals, social groups, and society. We then use this model to carry out a virtual experiment that explores how ethnocentric stereotypes and the underlying distribution of culture in an artificial society interact to produce...
Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 2008
We framed trust games played by Americans with the concept of osotua, a Maasai label for a type of gift-giving relationship shaped by feelings of mutual respect, restraint, and responsibility. As a control, one third of the participants (N = 70) read a text unrelated to social life. The other two-thirds (N = 140) read about Maasai and osotua. Half of those who read about Maasai and osotua played unlabeled trust games, while the other half played trust games labeled "the Osotua game." Results are similar to those previously obtained from trust games played by Kenyan Maasai with and without osotua framing. As in Kenya, transfers were lower in the osotua-framed games than in the games framed by the Maasai text but not the osotua label. As in Kenya, the relationships among transfers and expected returns in the games framed by the Maasai text but not the osotua label reflect the tit-for-tat logic of reciprocity, while osotua-framed games do not show that pattern. These findings have implications for the experimental game method and for the study of the relationship between culture, social norms, and social behavior.
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