How dark matter came to matter

NATO Science Series, 2005

A review of the study of dark matter is given, starting with earliest studies and finishing with the establishment of the standard Cold Dark Matter paradigm in mid 1980-s. Particular attention is given to the collision of the classical and new paradigms concerning the matter content of the Universe. Also the amount of baryonic matter, dark matter and dark energy is discussed using modern estimates.

2014

Scientists have identified a sub-atomic particle that could have formed the "dark matter" in the Universe during the Big Bang. [20] Physicists at the University of California, Davis are taking the temperature of dark matter, the mysterious substance that makes up about a quarter of our universe. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.

Astrophysics at Ultra-High Energies - Proceedings of the 15th Course of the International School of Cosmic Ray Astrophysics, 2007

Dark matter has been recognized as an essential part of matter for over 70 years now, and many suggestions have been made, what it could be. Most of these ideas have centered on Cold Dark Matter, particles that are expected in extensions of standard particle physics, such as supersymmetry. Here we explore the concept that dark matter is sterile neutrinos, a concept that is commonly referred to as Warm Dark Matter. Such particles have keV masses, and decay over a very long time, much longer than the Hubble time. In their decay they produce X-ray photons which modify the ionization balance in the early universe, increasing the fraction of molecular Hydrogen, and thus help early star formation. Sterile neutrinos may also help to understand the baryonasymmetry, the pulsar kicks, the early growth of black holes, the minimum mass of dwarf spheroidal galaxies, as well as the shape of dark matter halos. As soon as all these tests have been quantitative in its various parameters, we may focus on the creation mechanism of these particles, and could predict the strength of the sharp X-ray emission line, expected from any large dark matter assembly. A measurement of this X-ray emission line would be definitive proof for the existence of may be called weakly interacting neutrinos, or WINs.

arXiv (Cornell University), 2021

In this pedestrian approach I give my personal point of view on the various problems posed by dark matter in the universe. After a brief historical overview I discuss the various solutions stemming from high energy particle physics, and the current status of experimental research on candidate particles (WIMPS). In the absence of direct evidence, the theories can still be evaluated by comparing their implications for the formation of galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies against astronomical observations. I conclude briefly with the attempts to circumvent the dark matter problem by modifying the laws of gravity.

Professor Fahey

A hypothetical theory of events that lead to the birth of light through events of symbiotic behavioral interactions that stem from mattered energy states of Dark Matter. The Energy States that also gives rise to mediatory relationships that determines interaction between Mattered Energy States. Most importantly the introduction of a Mediatory Field that contributes to the Constant of symbiotic Mattered Energy States.

Brazilian Journal of Physics, 2001

Different physical phenomena, techniques, and evidences which give the proof for the existence of dark matter have been discussed.

What is the universe made of? We do not know. If standard gravitational theory is correct, then most of the matter in the universe is in an unidentified form that does not emit enough light to have been detected by current instrumentation. Astronomers and physicists are collaborating on analyzing the characteristics of this dark matter and in exploring possible physics or astronomical candidates for the unseen material. The Fourth Jerusalem Winter School (December 30, 1986 to January 8, 1987) was devoted to a discussion of the so-called "missing-matter" problem. The goal of the School was to make current research work on unseen matter accessible to students or faculty without prior experience in this area. As in previous years, the lectures were informal and the discussions extensive. The lecturers were J. Bahcall (IAS), R. Blandford (CalTech), M. Milgrom (Weizmann Institute), J. P. Ostriker (Princeton), and S. Tremaine (CITA). Because of the avowedly pedagogical nature of the School and the strong interactions between students and lecturers, the written lectures often contain techniques and explanations that are not available in more formal journal publications. M. Best cheerfully and expertly converted the lectures to their attractive T E X format. The continued success of the School is made possible by the intelligent and effective leadership of its scientific coordinator, Tsvi Piran, by the strong support of the Israeli Ministry of Science and the Hebrew University, and by Jerusalem's inspiring historical context.

2007