Stress and Stressors among Nursing Students

Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Stress is one of the most important areas of human understanding. When we understand how individuals react under extremes of stress, many of the more subtle and unstretched forms of behavior will be immediately understandable. Stress is the reality of life, but contrary to popular understanding, stress is not always a bad thing. Indeed, the capacity to adapt to and respond to various conditions of existence can be a definition of life itself [1]. According to APA's 2015 stress report in the USA, 78% of the population reported that they experienced stress symptoms [2]. Stress was named as "health epidemic of 21st century" by the world health organization [WHO] [3]. Stress is defined as "an attack that threatens the existence of organisms with all kinds of factors and the reaction of the organism to this attack". Stress has been the subject of research by many of the researchers and it has been tried to be defined with different expressions. Research and evaluations explaining the relationship between stress and human were made by Hans Selye for the first time. The term stress was defined as "nonspecific response of the body to any demand and these responses may be acceleration in the heartbeat, dry mouth, tremor, restlessness, excessive fatigue" by Selve [4]. According to Cüceloğlu, stress is "the effort an individual spends beyond the physical and psychological limits due to the inconvenient conditions in the physical and social environment [5]. All people feel stressed. In response to emotional or physical stress,

2018

The World Health Organization (WHO) has labeled stress the “health epidemic of the 21st century” exerting significant burdens at all levels of society.1 In fact, the WHO has concluded that problems and disorders related to stress are common and may contribute to over 50% of physician visits around the world with both internal and external stressors contributing to those increasing rates.2 The WHO has also explored the association of stress to increasing prevalence of depression, stating that it affects more than 300 million people globally, and is the leading cause of disability worldwide.3 The definition and concept of stress has evolved significantly since it was first defined by Selye.4 He further refined the concept to define stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it”.5 Additional research has resulted in a further refinement of the concept so that by 2014, Elmore defined stress as “a state of intensive mind-body activity that occurs in the context...

Stress: Understanding & Management by Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar A holistic guidance on meaning, causes, effects, mechanisms, support systems and management of stress for blossoming together; by Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar; is benefiting millions!

International Journal of Biomedicine and Helthcare, 2024

Background: The term stress refers to the internal state of the organism (sometimes labeled as "load"), an external event ("stressor"), an experience created by the transaction of a person and the environment. Stress is an extremely used term in all areas of human activity. It is a natural phenomenon and a companion of mankind since its very existence. Although a large number of professional and scientific articles related to the concept of stress and reaction to stress have been published during the last 60 years, various authors state that not all concepts are clearly and unambiguously defined in this field. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present different theories of stress and to familiarize the reader about the consequences of everyday stress on human health. Methods: The subject of research is stress and its impact on health in today's modern world. The type of research on this topic is based on a retrospective and descriptive method based on the use of published articles in the PubMed and Scopus index databases. Results and Discussion: Therefore, different theories of stress define differently the concept of stress, reactions to stress, coping with stress and the consequences of a stressful event. Studies on stress was started by Hans Selye in the thirties of the 20th century. Understanding stress as the organism's reaction to various physical and physiological stressors, Selye also became the originator of the first, so-called of the reductionist model in the study of stress. Another theoretical approach in the concepts of stress boils down to the explanation that stress is determined by the nature of the stressor. This paradigm has been offered since the late sixties of the 20th century and is called the interactionist model of stress. At the same time as the interactionist model, a third, transactional model in the study of stress ap peared, created by Richard Lazarus. According to this model, the consequences of a stressful transaction are the result of the interplay of personal and external factors that continuously affect each other. Conclusion: The stress is a state in which the psychophysical balance of the organism is disturbed and which, in order to adapt, requires additional efforts. Circumstances that cause stress are also called stressors. Among the psychological changes characteristic of stress, the most pronounced are changes in the sphere of emotional processes. Emotional reactions characteristic of stress are most often anxiety, anger and sadness, and shame, guilt, oversaturation can also occur. After a traumatic or other intense stress (related to losses or diagnosed with an incurable disease), emotional flattening can occur. Changes in psychological functioning during stress can be so intense that they take on the dimensions of a psychological crisis.

Journal of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

Stress, Stressor and its Faces 'Stress', the term coined by Hans Selye (1907-1982), is defined as 'a real or an interpreted threat to physiological or psychological integrity of an individual that results in physiological and/or behavioral response' (Encyclopedia of stress). Stress is internal state of mind or body in response to real, symbolic, or imagined something perceived as: a threat to self or near and dear, beyond their resource and capacity available to handle and is associated with upsurge of psycho-physiological process, e.g. raised blood pressure. 1 Stressor is a thing, event, agent, or factor; new, different, or unusual to average usual resulting into stress. 1 Stressor can be a real thing or event, like: natural disasters, man-made or mixed. It is imagined or exaggerated one in many people, e.g. rumors at large or unfounded worry of something. Stressor might come suddenly, like thunder or gradual, like: political conflict. It can be acute/ short lasting (e.g. hurricane though its effect might linger on) or chronic/ long lasting (e.g. interpersonal conflict between mother-inlaw and daughter-in-law in many homes). Stress can be: 'Dystress'unpleasant/ adverse, 'Neustress'-neutral and 'Eustresspleasant. Our major Stressors Common stressors are daily hassles and changes, major life events, acute and short term problems, chronic and long term problems. It

International Journal of Medical Reviews, 2015

Introduction: Human everyday life is full of stress and strain, so that the present century is called stress era. Unfortunately, here is no literature integration about stress. The aim of the present paper is to make a theoretical integrative consensus in stress modalities . Methods: The design of the present study was systematic review. Inclusion criteria were subjective relevance to study keywords (include stress, stress control, stress reduction, social stress, community stress, group stress, stress increase, stress side effects, stress resources, stress stages, stress types), being published by academic and/or scientific resource, and publication period (between January, 1, 1990 and March, 20, 2015). Using Jadad scale, those clinical trial papers with 2 and upper were selected. Delphi method used to form the structure of final results. Results were collected by content analysis. Results: Eleven major definitions, three main classifications, three fundamental explanatory persp...

British Journal of Nursing, 2013

Stress is an important issue within nursing and it is difficult to find agreement among those who are expert in the area regarding a concise definition of stress. Nevertheless stress is seen as a negative feeling affecting people's health either physically and/or psychologically. However, stress is a normal part of life and considered necessary to increase functional capacity, whereas stress over a prolonged period or when extreme can cause distress which may have debilitating effects that reduce work output, increase absenteeism and reduce one's ability to cope with situations. The most important resource in any organisation is the employee; therefore maintaining and supporting their health is vital to ensure their ability to work, maintain standards and continuously improve standards of care. Leadership styles within organisations must facilitate staff to be involved in decision making; thereby staff feel more valued and work in an autonomous way. This article identifies and discusses the effect of stress on health and its relationship to nursing.