Individual and group changes in psychodrama : a naturalistic study

The authors present the structure and process of a task force aimed at delineating empirically based principles of change in psychotherapy. Sponsored by Division 12 of the American Psychological Association and the North American Society for Psychotherapy Research, the task force addressed the potential role of participant characteristics, relationship variables, and technical factors in the treatment of dysphoric, anxiety, personality, and substance use disorders

Journal for person-oriented research, 2019

In recent years, group work therapy has been expanded rapidly throughout the world in helping professionals. Psychodrama, as a form of group psychotherapy, has already shown the potential for bringing about positive change in participants for almost 80 years. However, while psychodrama is primarily a form of group psychotherapy, psychodrama practitioners and researchers have seldom recognized it as a group work. Hence, the connection between psychodrama and group process has rarely been addressed. This review examines the development of research in the connection between psychodrama and group process. An extensive literature search including books, reports, monographs and journal articles has been conducted. It is found that before the new century, psychodrama practitioners and researchers have largely ignored the group process. In addition, most research findings were not published in peer-review journals. Encouragingly, in the last ten years, most empirical studies of psychodrama have incorporated group process in their analysis or discussion. Moreover, most of these studies are reported in peer-reviewed journals. However, there is still a lack of research studies which examine the interaction of psychodrama and the group process. It is hoped that the results of this study will stimulate further research in this area and can increase the awareness among psychodrama practitioners, trainers, and researchers of the need to be equally cognizant of both psychodrama processes and group work.

Transactional Analysis Journal, 2020

Academic research is valuable in transactional analysis because it provides evidence to support long-used theories that may not have been substantiated in the wider academic world. The author explains how she used an academic tool from qualitative psychology research-the Listening Guide Method-to highlight shifts in the ego states of participants during research interviews. Tracking these shifts seemed to correspond to tracking the change process participants experienced as a result of their psychotherapy and may be a useful tool for future research.

Psychodrama in Counselling, Coaching and Education, 2021

This chapter is devoted to the clinical practice of psychodrama in individual sessions. Fundamental differences between psychodrama in groups and oneto-one contexts are discussed including the use of auxiliary roles, the therapeutic relationship, and modifications for basic psychodrama interventions. An overview of the use of the empty chair, objects, and/or the therapist as an auxiliary ego is included. The limitations and strengths of using psychodrama in individual sessions are discussed. Multiple psychodrama scenes (strengths-based, intrapsychic, and interpersonal) are depicted from a social work practice example with clinical processing. Keywords Individual psychodrama • One-to-one psychodrama • Empty chair • Psychodrama a deux • Bi-personal psychodrama • Monodrama This chapter will outline the use of psychodrama in individual psychotherapy and clinical social work settings. The processes described below will be focused on psychotherapy, but are also applicable in individual supervision, coaching, and consulting sessions. Psychodrama with individuals, sometimes called bi-personal psychodrama, monodrama, one-to-one psychodrama, or psychodrama a deux, has both its limitations and its benefits when compared group psychodrama in groups. Some find Moreno's methods to be more easily integrated by practitioners in individual settings than group settings. There are uniquely different clinical concerns with the process of psychodrama work with individuals as opposed to group work. Considerations for individual psychodrama work, including the therapeutic relationship, doubling, mirroring, role reversal, and auxiliary roles will be explored. And finally, a psychodrama case will be presented with multiple psychodrama sessions to depict the unique aspects of psychodrama in individual sessions. 17.1 Providing Context for Psychodrama in Individual Sessions The use psychodrama in individual sessions is based on the same foundational philosophy and interventions outlined throughout this book. Nearly all of Moreno's

The present dissertation is a qualitative inquiry into the differences in experiences of change in distinct, or even contrary, modalities of psychotherapy—Psychoanalysis (PSA)/Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (PDT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). As such, the investigation speaks to the actual effects of a given therapeutic approach in the words and narratives of the patients/analysands/clients. The very intention of such research crosses a number of theoretic debates within clinical psychology that have dogged the therapeutic field and show no signs of abatement any time soon. This research aimed to apply the results derived from empirical data regarding the above psychotherapy modalities to the question of Specific Factors vs. Common Factors and attempted to delineate the impact of interventions in what, as is shown below, must be understood in a Contextual model of psychotherapy that allows for a more nuanced consideration of differences in therapeutic relationships. What I conclude from my data indicates that a Contextual model, specifically that proposed by Butler and Strupp, supersedes the Specific Factors vs. Common Factors dichotomy in its explanatory value for understanding processes of therapeutic change.

Counselling and Psychotherapy Research

Objective: Current approaches of routine outcome monitoring (session-by-session measures) expect that trajectories of change should move on a standard track. Patients moving out of standard tracks are assumed to be at risk of deterioration. From a nonlinear dynamic systems perspective, there is not any assumption regarding a supposed standard track a patient should follow. Individual trajectories should be more complex than averaged tracks, highly individual, and characterised by pattern transitions. Method: We tested if high-frequency (daily) trajectories of change are moving on standard tracks, if there are different complexity levels of high-versus low-frequency time series, if 'not on track' dynamics will be correlated with poor outcome and if complexity peaks representing the critical instabilities of a process will be correlated with the outcome. The patients included in the data analysis (N = 88) used the Therapy Process Questionnaire (TPQ) for daily self-assessments and the ICD-10based Symptom Rating (ISR) for outcome evaluation. Results: High-frequency trajectories are not running on standard tracks and are not necessarily correlated with poor outcome. Locally increased complexity may be associated with good outcome. Conclusion: It may be useful to move beyond the concept of standard tracks and expected treatment outcomes. Routine feedback procedures should use the information that is given by the nonlinear dynamics of multiple change criteria. K E Y W O R D S dynamic complexity, nonlinear dynamic systems, on track versus. not on track, processoutcome research, psychotherapy feedback This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1996

The authors developed a measure for categorizing the nature of the topic that clients and therapists discuss from moment to moment during psychotherapy. The Counseling Topic Classification System (CTCS) contains 55 topics and 8 emotional categories. It was used to code the thematic content of Donald Meichenbaum's and Hans Strupp's initial therapy sessions with a client named Richard. Our findings provided preliminary evidence that the CTCS is useful for coding the core topic of initial therapy sessions and that thematic content may be an important process and contextual variable. Methods are described for studying thematic content as a contextual variable and for presenting change process and discovery-oriented research findings so that they are more clinically meaningful. In spite of a large and rather sophisticated research literature on counseling process and outcome, there is widespread agreement that this research has done little to influence or improve clinical practice (Barlow. 1981; Luborsky, 1972; Talley, Strupp, & Butler, 1994). Because of concerns about this scientist-practitioner gap. two new types of process research, discavery-oriented and change-process research approaches, have recently been proposed (Greenbcrg, 1986; Mahrer, 1988; Rice & Greenberg, 1984). Both discovery-oriented and change-process researchers advocate a multidimensional, events-based approach to the investigation of psychotherapy and change pro

PLOS ONE, 2019

Background Psychodrama is an experiential psychotherapy in which guided role-play is used to gain insights and work on personal and interpersonal problems and possible solutions. Despite the wealth of literature describing clinical work, psychodrama intervention research is relatively scarce compared to other psychotherapies and psychological interventions. Objective For this reason we implemented the integrative approach to systematic review that authorizes the combination of publications with diverse methodologies and all types of participants, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. Our aim was to produce a comprehensive summary of psychodrama intervention research in the last decade that critically evaluates methodological issues to inform future studies. Methods We searched four major electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMEd, Scopus by Elsevier, and Web of Science) for peer-reviewed articles on psychodrama interventions published in English between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017. The quality of qualitative and mixed methods studies was assessed on the basis of pre-established guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed for all quantitative randomized control studies, consistent with the PRISMA protocol.

Social Work, 2013

Psychodrama is the process of enacting or reenacting relevant aspects or roles from current and past events to instill hope in clients who are facing life issues. This article examines the outcomes of a five-stage psychodrama treatment through a social worker's direct participation in a partial hospitalization program. Observation notes and supervisors' inputs were used to analyze the therapeutic outcomes of 13 patients who assumed the role of protagonist. Rather than through use of a symptom checklist, the treatment outcomes were measured on the basis of the ability of each patient to connect feelings to expressed concerns and anticipated changes. Through content analysis of communication patterns, these concerns were linked to eight therapeutic themes: change in emotions, family of origin issues, impact of group work, relationships with others, impact of the past, self-awareness, selfworth, and shift of personal views. This study highlights the importance of the combined effort of both the therapist and the patient, making psychodrama a bridge to further treatment. Psychodrama is both a clinical method and an educational opportunity for social workers.

Clinical Psychology Review, 2007

As the number of psychotherapies with demonstrated efficacy accumulates, an important task is to identify principles and processes of change. This information can guide treatment refinement, integration, and future development. However, the standard randomized control trial (RCT) design can limit the questions that can be asked and the statistical analyses that can be conducted. We discuss the importance of examining the shape of change, in addition to the importance of identifying mediators and moderators of change. We suggest methodological considerations for longitudinal data collection that can improve the kinds of therapy process questions that can be examined. We also review some data analytic approaches that are being used in other areas of psychology that have the potential to capture the complexity and dynamics of change in psychotherapy.

British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2001

Research on the process of psychological therapy aims to demonstrate how therapy works, partly to increase understanding, but primarily to increase effectiveness by pointing to the crucial ingredients which effect change. This paper aims to demonstrate some of the reasons why process research should be undertaken in the attempt to increase therapeutic effectiveness.

PSYCHOLOGIA, 2013

Within psychotherapy research traditions there are two cultures. One group of investigators, emphasizing the commonalities inherent in different schools of therapy and recognizing the extreme variability across clients and therapists, focuses on the interpersonal and emotional interactions between client and therapist as the agency of change in client well-being. The other, characterized by the cognitivebehavioral approach and supporting the empirically-supported treatment movement, focuses on the replicable procedures and techniques designed for and tailored to symptom change within specific syndromes. Both approaches are now drawing together by virtue of the growing recognition that all therapy can be represented as the arrangement of social and psychological experiences that facilitate change. We discuss some implications of this change model and describe some of the complexities of the changes that take place within the course of psychotherapy. Some broad principles of change are suggested and related concepts, such as meansends relationships, response interrelationships, and practical and psychological barriers to change are briefly outlined. The value of monitoring change in clients, a long-standing tradition in behavior therapy, is argued, with one additional twist proposed, namely the monitoring of client experiences and actions that themselves facilitate change, regardless of the targeted problem area.

Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2008

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Longitudinal Studies on the Organization of Social Interaction, 2018