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 Abstract— Private companies and Government Organizations all around the world make huge investments for the automation of their processes and in the management of the electronic documentation in recent times. The main requirement in the management of digital documentation is its equivalence, from a legal perspective, to paperwork, affixing a signature on a digital document is the fundamental principle; which are based the main processes of authorization and validation, apart from the specific area of application. Main benefits for introduction of digital signing processes are cost reduction and complete automation of documental workflow, including authorization and validation phases. In essence, digital signatures allow you to replace the approval process on paper, slow and expensive, with fully digital system, faster and cheaper.

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(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 2019

Graduation certificates issued by universities and other educational institutions are one of the most important documents for a graduate. It is a proof of graduate's qualifications and can be used to advance forward in one's career and life. However, due to advances in software, printing and photocopying technologies, forgery of those certificates is made easy and as good as the original, making them difficult to detect. Several universities and educational institutions as well as businesses started to dedicate resources for verifying certificates however that is usually a tedious and quite costly process and there isn't a clear model that can be adopted by those institutions that could minimize cost and speed up the process. There are many techniques proposed for paper based document verification and this paper analyzes and expatiate the issues on those techniques. Most of the verification techniques require change in the process of certificate generation either by changing template, changing paper, changing printers, adding hardware or even adding extra information. This change may mean that the university or verifier needs the proper knowledge to execute and run the proposed technique. This also means that older certificates may not work with the newly introduced techniques. To also add some proposed techniques require a change that is not always easy or cheap like in creating a third body to verify certificates.