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2016, Critical Military Studies
Torås Kommandoplasse: Observations from a dark summit Much of my artistic and written practice relates to the numerous ways in which conflict produces and redefines space. This undertaking ordinarily requires a mixed methodology of visual techniques and fieldwork to reveal the hidden or obscured dimensions of militarism. As a process it is always challenging, demanding different strategies for each unique site, and more often than not is only partially successful at interpreting the nuanced and sometimes immaterial relationships between landscape, architecture, technology and militarism. Over the past six years, I have been returning to the island of Tjøme on the Oslofjord in Norway to document a recently demilitarized zone -a process which prompted me to revisit the medium of monochrome photography to describe the zone and its curious architecture. By removing colour from these landscapes and military forms, I was hoping to diffuse the distinction between the organic and inorganic, between rocks and trees, mosses, lichens and concrete, and suggest a shared, primordial materiality. This site, which was once a Nazi artillery base and later a Cold War training facility, is a photographer's delight: a dramatic cluster of cryptic military buildings and infrastructure in a
On Reproduction : Re-Imagining the Political Ecology of Urbanism, 2018
This paper is part of my research that investigates the large-scale remains of military activities from the Cold War period. The aim of the research is to provide a meta-perspective on the post-militarised spaces and their different developmental trajectories, that may lead to various outcomes, such as heritage status, requalifiaction or destruction. I am conducting the research on the evolution of the remains, the discourses concerning their transformation and the relevant heritage policies. Different case studies from the Belgian and the European mainland context are taken into account, where artefacts of Cold War military spaces are found within or in the immediate proximity of inhabited areas. Throughout the history of the modern military, different warfare techniques have created a non-linear succession of distinct military spaces. Such large-scale military heritage from the past has been subject to preservation efforts as well as thorough redevelopment. This led to structures becoming urban heritage in their original form, or by undergoing subsequent transformations. However, the transformation process of the large scale Cold War military structures brings particular challenges, due to the dual nature of the military institutions in this period, that is being both 'invisible' and 'omnispresent'. Looking at the various case studies in my research, the artefacts of Cold War military spaces are being (re)interpreted in the frameworks of different landscape transformation processes. Relating to the overall topic of this seminar, my research is presented in the light of the relevance of this research for the nowadays state of urbanism as a discipline. The paper is discussing the complex situation that arises from the perceived ‘vacant’ spaces and the ‘disappearance’ of a powerful agent such as the military. Namely, the transformation of the post-militarised structures comes in part as a result of the neo-liberal tendencies (‘less state’). Furthermore, the very transformation process is a result of negotiations performed within networks that involve a myriad of actors and agencies, with often conflicting views and agendas. The main working hypothesis is that the 'non-human' agency of the material artefacts, renders these networks as flat, rather than hierarchical structures. This in turn allows both for multiple meanings to be ascribed to the artefacts, coming from actors and agencies that are usually perceived as acting from different 'levels' (local, national, global). As a consequence, the transformation policies come as a result of the process, rather than a predefined guideline. The paper takes closer look at the transformation of the military domain in Koksijde. There, a vast area has been used by the military during few decades, resulting in significant changes to the surrounding system of settlements, while preserving certain landscape elements that were otherwise lost outside of the domain. At the present moment, there is an ongoing procedure for defining a vision as well as legal framework for the transformation of the domain that would include various non-military activities.
Traumatic experiences of war often play a dominant role in establishing a group identity, not least in modern nation states (Mosse 1990). As in so many other nations, the Second World War is a central part of the collective memory of Norway. In fact, it has been argued that the collective memory of war has the function of a contemporary national founding myth, stressing the resistance, solidarity and equality of the Norwegian population (Eriksen 1995). However, the cultural landscapes and material traces of the war have been given little attention from both scholars and heritage management authorities, and physical traces of the war that are not connected to the national narrative of resistance are most often neglected. The physical remains of military installations, POW camps, war infrastructure, construction plants and acts of warfare harbour together with war graves and memorials important data on what WWII was about, how it was conducted and at what costs. In many instances, this lack of interest in such remains by both Norwegian scholars and Norwegian heritage authorities can offer valuable lessons regarding politics of collective memory and the formation of national identity after WWII. The present paper presents outlines of a new interdisciplinary research project focusing on these aspects, with its theoretical framework, main research questions and methodology.
Fennoscandia Archaeologica
This article presents the results of fieldwork undertaken over the last four summers at a World War II prisoner of war camp at Sværholt in northernmost Norway. The labour camp for Soviet prisoners was established in 1942 as part of the construction of the German coastal battery at Sværholt, a fortification within the Atlantic Wall. In late fall 1944 the camp, the coastal fort, and the local Norwegian hamlet were abandoned and destroyed in step with the massive and abrupt German retreat from this northern region. This paper describes the remains of the camp and the coastal fort, as still manifest in the barren landscape, and presents in detail the findings of excavations and associated investigations conducted in the camp area. Analysing these findings, particular emphasis is placed on the question of what an archaeological approach can divulge concerning the camp, its construction and conditions, and the ‘trivial’ details of everyday life often passed over by historical accounts. Ultimately, we suggest that the things found challenge our common assumptions about the relationship between prisoners, guards, and locals, and further discuss to what extent the forced encounter at Sværholt also may have included some measures of sympathy within the yet hostile context of war and occupation.
Conflict Landscapes: Materiality and Meaning in Contested Places, 2021
Finnish Lapland lies on the northernmost shore of Europe by the Arctic Ocean. It is part of Sápmi, the transnational homeland of Europe’s only indigenous people, the Sámi, stretching across parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. For outsiders, this barren Arctic land can easily appears an empty and uninhabited northern wilderness. However, for the locals it is an ancestral historical landscape and lifeworld imbued with centuries-old meanings and understandings. For the Sámi, people, animals and inanimate entities coexist within the landscape in mutually reciprocal, respectful and interconnected relationships. Despite some recent encouraging developments, such as ongoing repatriation of Sámi human remains and materials from museums and collections, the Sámi perspectives on landscape and heritage have often been neglected and erased by the dominant (and biased) southern perceptions as part of an ongoing colonial process. In this paper we assess the Second World War German materialities and landscapes of the Arctic front and discuss how idiosyncratic Northern environmental perceptions have affected, and continue to affect, the local views on this legacy. Firstly, we briefly present the Second World War history of Finnish Lapland and its material heritage. We focus on one Prisoner of War camp site as an example to which we tie various perspectives on Second World War memory and materiality. We then discuss the indigenous Northern environmental perception and how it colours the local understandings of the importance of wartime legacy. Finally, we explore questions of heritage ownership, custodianship and the generation of transgenerational memories, drawing on the perspectives presented to us by Sámi interviewees in different parts of Sápmi, mostly in the Anár (Inari) and Soađegilli (Sodankylä) areas but also in Gilbbesjávri, Eanodat (Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö)ii. These provide a Northern perspective on the ongoing international discussions on these broader themes of conflict heritage and landscapes of war.
Conflict Landscapes: Materiality and Meaning in Contested Places (Saunders, N.J., Cornish, P., Eds.), Routledge, 2021
The archaeological study of 20th century conflict landscapes emerged as a new field of research since the beginning of the 21st century. In parallel with this developments, there were major advancements in the fields of archaeological aerial photography and prospection. During both World Wars, literally tens of millions of aerial photographs were taken as a source of military intelligence. These collections were rediscovered and large digitization programs have made them available for research. Large parts of northern Finland are crowded with war materiel but conflict archaeology in the Arctic region is a relative new field of study. Owing to this, conflict sites connected to the two World Wars only possess a limited cultural heritage status. This chapter presents the results of an interdisciplinary investigation of a WWII conflict landscape in northern Finland. During the Finnish-German Lapland War (1944-1945) the German Army retreated towards Norway and made use of extensive defensive positions in northern Finland. The setup and methodology of the project are designed to meet the challenges of cost-effective mapping of the remote wilderness area in Finland.
2010
The fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the Soviet Union completely transformed the military-political situation in the Nordic countries. The movement from invasion defence to input defence in Sweden has made many of the subterranean modern fortresses and permanent defence systems of the Cold War unnecessary. The current problem is what the administration authorities will do with the superfluous military buildings: let them fall into decay, preserve or reuse themand for what purpose?
Prisoners of War
During World War II, Norway experienced the biggest number of German troops and foreign PoWs relative to its own population of any country. The establishing of Festung Norwegen-giant forti fi cations along the Norwegian coast as part of the Atlantic Wall, as well as other substantial German investments including the Arctic Railway in Northern Norway; the main Norwegian motorway from the South to the high North (Rv 50, today's E-6) and increasing the electrical power and aluminium production needed by the Luftwaffe, all demanded a huge and constant supply of manpower and labour. The results of archaeological surveys of Atlantic Wall forti fi cations and prisoner camps in the region of Romsdal Peninsula in Central Norway highlight issues of preservation, interpretation and the role of such remains in collective memory.
Ordnance: War + Architecture & Space, 2013
Journal of War & Culture Studies
2018
This dissertation discusses the material heritage of the German presence in Finnish Lapland during the Second World War (WWII), as seen through archaeological and multidisciplinary studies intitiated by the author in 2006. Over a decade of fieldwork, the research has evolved from a purely archaeological inquiry of the WWII materialities into an interdisciplinary survey of long-term perceptions of and engagements with the ruins and finds from the WWII. Since 2014 this has taken place within the project "Lapland's Dark Heritage: Understanding the Cultural Legacy of Northern Finland's WWII German Materialities within Interdisciplinary Perspective", funded by the Academy of Finland. The Nazi German presence as brothers-in-arms in northern Finland has been a debated, difficult and downplayed issue on multiple levels throughout the postwar decades. Until the past two decades there have been few historical studies on the subject, and even fewer archaeological enquiries. This study presents the first wider, problem-oriented and theoretically informed investigation about the archaeologies, materialities and heritage of the German WWII presence. However, even this work barely scratches the surface of this multifaceted subject and sets out future research directions.
2018
The extremely complicated history of Central Europe in the course of the 20th century is also evidenced by the existence of large-scale military training grounds which were marginalised (taken out of the regional system). They were established in Czechoslovakia both during the democratic regime in the period before World War II and especially during the Communist totalitarian era. In the mid-20th century, Czechoslovakia was one of the most militarised countries in the world. At the time after the demise of the bipolar world and in the period of post-totalitarian transformation, it turned out that the legacy of military and post-military landscapes is very contradictory. The history of the areas is often veiled in a mystery and their future is often an object of disputes. Military landscapes are examples of intensively transformed landscapes, including the areas with valuable nature on the one hand and an environmental burden on the other. Rather than an object of a public discussion, they are a matter of conflicting visions of various actors/entities and interest groups.
2016
99239_romantik_cs5-5_.indd 51 09/12/14 10:48 52 r o m a n t ik · 0 3 it has been represented in art and photography from the romanticist paintings by J. C. Dahl to postmodern artists such as Marianne Heske and Tiril Schrøder. In this article I want to take a closer look at Heske and Schrøder and some of the works that were shown at this exhibition. The artists are both well known for referencing romantic landscapes, and it is the connection between Dahl and the romantics on the one hand, and Heske and Schrøder on the other that I want to investigate. Unlike the catalogue for the exhibition, where contemporary art is seen as a (preliminary) end point to a story that originated in romanticism, I want to see Heske and Schrøder’s art as theoretical objects quoting romanticism as defined by the theorist Mieke Bal. According to Bal, art as representation inevitably engages with what came before. This engagement must be seen as an active intervention in or a re-working of the past. Quoting...
2024
This article aims to analyze how the drone-in its prosthetic, machine and automated dimension-and the operative images that emerge from the recording of certain sites intervened with war and extractivist motives generate ecomedial and techno-imaginary ecologies of seemingly uninhabited territories. The above is developed from the analysis of two audiovisual projects: The Landmine Project (2016-2020) by the Chilean collective Agencia de Borde and Prelude To: When The Dust Unsettles by Dutch artist and designer Femke Herregraven (2022). The former explores minefields laid between 1973 and 1983 in the Atacama Desert in Chile, while the latter shows the modus operandi of a digital twin for mining in the Congo. These are seemingly untouchable territories, out of circulation, where, given their imagined future-either as explosive or exploited territory-a drone and its digital eye appear to be the only way to visually access these places, which are presented as inadmissible and uninhabited. Both cases expose geopolitical conflicts that are primarily articulated and mediated through the production and manipulation of images and technical intervention. In this way, the development of the text proposes to think about forms of contemporary violence that take shape through specific visual devices and rhetorics.
"Not unlike so many other vestiges of war that have infiltrated our cities and our landscape, remerging as uninvited guests, the WWII bunkers and fortifications — the largest one being the Atlantikwall - exhibit an incapacity and unwillingness to be absorbed or erased. They are shreds of a past that seems unable to find its own emotional functional and spatial location as result of a memory never elaborated upon and too often simply removed via functional renewal. The signs of armed conflict, in fact, are the backbones which cross and could also unify Europe, signs defining what is now called the "Conflict archaeological landscape". This book presents a rich and unique iconography and a selection of essays for the first time providing a new critical approach to the Atlantikwall, proposing its interpretation as one of the major Western military archaeological landscapes. The book is published as part of the research PRIN 2008 ‘The intervention in archaeological areas for activities related to museums and cultural communication’ (National Coordinator prof. Marco Vaudetti) performed by the MIB Group at Politecnico di Milano (coordinated by prof. Luca Basso Peressut).
Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 2017
This article discusses military mobilities and encampment, and associated themes such as dislocation and displacement of people, through the case of a Second World War German military camp in Finnish Lapland. The article describes the camp and its archaeological research and discusses various aspects of the camp and camp life in its particular subarctic ‘wilderness’ setting, framing the discussion within the themes of mobilities and dislocations, and especially their multiple impacts on the German troops and their multinational prisoners-of-war based in the camp. A particular emphasis is put on how mobilities and dislocation – in effect ‘being stuck’ in a northern wilderness – were intertwined and how the inhabitants of the camp coped with the situation, as well as how this is reflected in the different features of the camp itself and the archaeological material that the fieldwork produced. Keywords: Conflict archaeology, Second World War, mobility, German, Prisoner of War, Lapland, Finland
Nordicom Review 41 (Special Issue 1), 2020
This article examines the Norwegian climate fiction television series Okkupert [Occupied] (2015-), focusing on the ways in which it reveals the complicity of Nordic subjects in an ecological dystopia. I argue that in illuminating this complicity, the series reimagines the Norwegian national self-conception rooted in a discourse of Norway's exceptionalist relation to nature. I show how Norway's green (self-)image is expressed through what I call "white ecology"-an aesthetics of whiteness encoded in neoromantic mountainous winter landscapes widely associated with the North, but also in the figure of the Norwegian white male polar explorer. I argue in this article that Occupied challenges this white-ecological masculine discourse through "dark ecology" (Morton, 2007), embodied by Russia and expressed by the avoidance of spectacular landscape aesthetics as well as by the strategy of "enmeshment", facilitated by the medium of televisual long-form storytelling and the eco-noir aesthetics.
Time and Mind, 2020
The Finnish wartime landscape was altered by Nazi troops who were stationed there during World War Two. This paper examines wartime sceneries through Finnish Army Information Company’s photographs from the period of the war known in Finland as the Continuation War (1941–1944). The images reveal a completely different side to the Nazi co-belligerence to what is traditionally acknowledged in Finland. I discuss the ways the Nazi troops altered the Finnish landscape, adding `German-ness´ to their surroundings and more specifically, how Nazi ideology manifested in the northern Finnish landscapes. The Finns have been completely oblivious to the symbolic messages the Nazis crafted in their surroundings. Photographs as haunting representation addresses in this paper both the difficult memory of German presence that frames these pictures and the specific potency of these photographic encounters. Haunting as a theory deals with the evocative ways an image can convey information about the past.
Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development, 2014
This chapter explores how military landscapes have been conceptualised and understood. The chapter starts by defining what is meant by the terms 'landscape' and 'military'. The chapter then proceeds with an exploration of a range of examples from a variety of disciplinary origins in order to support the argument that military landscapes constitute a diversity of sites and have a ubiquity of occurrence. Such examples include battlefields and other sites of conflict, the interconnections between landscapes and the pursuit of specific campaigns and conflicts, the issue of environmental impacts of military activities and the interpretation of these with reference to the specificity of landscapes, and landscapes of memory and military memorialization. The chapter then goes on to consider how military landscapes can be viewed, raising questions about the visibility and invisibility of such sites. The chapter concludes with some observations about the imperative for sustained scholarly attention to military landscapes, in order to inform debates about militarism as a social force.
Journal of Conflict Archaeology, 2018
This text presents the results of a contemporary archaeological investigation of an important Swedish Cold War installation, Command Centre Bjorn. This centre was connected to the Air Force Attack Squadron and together with the coastal artillery and the navy it constituted a crucial part of the Swedish defence efforts during the Cold War period. The text also discusses questions concerning heritage processes, and it stresses that a contemporary archaeology approach can contribute with new insights into the Cold War and its heritage in Sweden, as well as canalize and offer guidance to the huge public interest in the material remains from this period in Sweden.
Journal of Conflict Archaeology
This article discusses military mobilities and encampment, and associated themes such as dislocation and displacement of people, through the case of a Second World War German military camp in Finnish Lapland. The article describes the camp and its archaeological research and discusses various aspects of the camp and camp life in its particular subarctic 'wilderness' setting, framing the discussion within the themes of mobilities and dislocations, and especially their multiple impacts on the German troops and their multinational prisoners-ofwar based in the camp. A particular emphasis is put on how mobilities and dislocation-in effect 'being stuck' in a northern wilderness-were intertwined and how the inhabitants of the camp coped with the situation, as well as how this is reflected in the different features of the camp itself and the archaeological material that the fieldwork produced.
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