Coronary heart disease risk-factor profile in

Cureus, 2018

We carried out a case control study to determine the prevalence of various cardiovascular risk factors in a Pakistani population. A total of 835 patients (555 males and 280 females) and 794 control subjects (486 males and 308 females) were recruited in this study. Patients with documented history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were included. We assessed major risk factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), hypertension and dyslipidemia, using pre-specified definitions. A comparative analysis of the biochemical and clinical parameters was carried out between controls and patients using student's t test. We observed that the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were more prominent in the patient group as compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In the whole studied population females had increased levels of total cholesterol (TC) (P = 0.01), triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.02), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (vLDL-C) (P = 0.02) as compared to males. Among patients group all the risk factors were significantly higher and more prevalent in females when compared with male patients (P < 0.05). The study population was also analyzed according to the smoking status and BMI to study the effect of these risk factors independently. The smokers and study subjects with raised BMI had significantly raised blood pressure and cholesterol levels. The role of age as a risk factor was also investigated in the current study. The persons with age ≤45 years had the highest levels of lipid profile including TC, TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), vLDL-C and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the three (≤45, 46-55, ≥56 years) groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrates an increased propensity of CVD risk factors at a younger age with female preponderance. Moreover, hypertension and dyslipidemia are the most prominent of the risk factors.

Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, 2005

We determined the risk-factor profile and prevalence of coronary heart disease in Metroville, a lower middle class urban community in Karachi, and compared them to the Pakistan health survey PNHS 1990-94, and the US health and nutrition survey 1988-94 NHANES111. Subjects &lt; 18 years and pregnant women were excluded as were people with extreme ranges BMI [corrected] heart rate, height and waist. The prevalence of hypertension was 23% in men and women, hypercholesterolaemia was 17% in men and 22% in women (P &lt; 0.001). Hyperglycaemia was present in 5% of men and women and obesity in 33% of men and 47% of women (P &lt; 0.001). Compared to PNHS, the prevalences of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and WHR were higher in our population. Mean values of BMI [corrected] cholesterol, WHR were higher in the US population while mean values were lower for diastolic blood pressure and blood glucose.

BioSight

Background: CVDs are a major public health concern in Pakistan. The major CVD risk factors are age, gender, obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. However, prevalence and risk factors associated with population of urban and rural Hyderabad are unexplored. This study was set up to study CVD among population of Hyderabad. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 304 participants living in the urban and rural areas of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Out of 304, 161 were men and 143 were women with age range from 30 to 70 years. Data was collected through interview based questionnaire. Weight and height were measured for calculation of BMI. Systolic Blood pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) was measured using sphygmomanometer. Biochemical analysis was carried out for the assessment of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Triglycerides (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low density Lipoproteins (LDL) using standard kit methods. Ethical consent obtained before...

Pakistan Heart Journal, 2012

Background: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in Saudi Arabia. We designed this study with the objective to determine the prevalence of risk factors of this disease within patients diagnosed with CHD. Aim: our aim is to observe the current prevalence of risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD), with respect to the lifestyle. We will attempt to identify the possible causes of such habits. Patients and Method: a cross-sectional study among 300 Saudi patients, with known coronary heart disease, was conducted with help of a questionnaire. The study was conducted at the cardiology department of King Abdul Aziz Hospital & Oncology Center in the city of Jeddah. Results: the prevalence of CHD was higher in the male gender by a ratio of 2:1. Also, the prevalence increases with age, the highest being found in age group over 75 years old which is 8 times higher than was observed in age group 35-44 years. 72.5% females and 52.6% males of these atherosclerotic patients was either overweight or obese. The same trend is seen in negative habits of 10 years duration, such as lack of exercise as high as 75.6 % in males and 81.3% in females. Intake of fatty/fast food was found to be 64.85% in both sexes. Intake of sweet/ sugary food was also high, and unfortunately consumption of fruits and vegetables was low. The current smoking trend is 45.9% in men and 21.95% in women. Conclusion: The risk factors assessed in the study were gender, age, obesity, smoking history, physical inactivity, and eating habits. Unfortunately, physical inactivity, bad eating habits, and smoking were found to be very common. The patients must be encouraged to practice healthy lifestyle modifications to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016

A questionnaire was used to collect data, including demographic information, family health history, dietary habits, physical activity and tobacco use. History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) or its treatment was recorded after observing their medical reports. Results: The proportion of females and males was 65.53 and 34.46 %, respectively. Of the 200 patients, the mean age of males was 52.7 years and 55.8 years for females. The most prevalent coronary artery risk factors were physical inactivity (52.5 %), hypertension (52 %), poor dietary habits (48.5 %), fatty food consumption (47.5 %), obesity (38 %) and smoking (37 %), respectively. Other less common risk factors were diabetes (30 %) and family history of CAD (20 %). Conclusion: CAD was seen in only 20 % of the subjects; the prevalence of individual risk factors ranged from 30 to 52.5 % and can be improved by encouraging the patients to adopt a healthy life style.

International Journal of Cardiology, 1997

Objecrives.. To study the characteristics ofrisk factors for hyp€rcholesterolemia among the Saudi population. DeJiSr: Population-based cr<rss-sectional national epidemiological randomized household survey. Subject 4548 Saudi subjects, aged 15 years and above. Sample was representative and in accordance with the national population distribution with respect to age, Sender, regional and residency, urban vs. rural, population disribution. Measurement. Height and weight with calculation of body mass index, blood samples were drawn and assayed for glucose and total cholesterol concentration. Hyp€rcholesterolemia (HC) was denned: borderlinc high HC (5.2-6.2 mmoll-r) and high HC (>6.2 mmol I ';. Univariate, multivariare, simple logistic, multiple logistic, odd ratio and chi-square were employed in the statistical analysis. Rerzts: The risk of developing HC increased with age by 2% and l% for each year increase in age for bordcrline high HC and high HC. The risk of developing HC was significantly higher among female subjects. There was no significant relation between the spectrum of BMI group, underweight to obesity, with risk of developing borderline high or high HC. There was a significant increase in the risk of developing HC among residents of urban communities. There was no significant regional variation for risk of borderline high HC, however, there was a significant increase in the risk of developing high HC among residents of Centml and Eastern regions, compared with other regions. Conclusio The characteristics of risk factors for HC among the Saudi population differ in many respects from other populations. Overweight and obesity are not significant risk factors for HC. Rural communities are more at risk of HC than urban communities. The population of the Eastem and Central regions were at significantly higher risk of developing HC. The relatively recent urbanization may account for the low prevalence of HC. It may partially explain the dissociation between obesity and HC. Food habits, both in quantity and quatity in rural communities in genetically predisposed homogenous populations may account for the increase in the prevalence of HC in rural communities. There is a need to prcpagate information about the potential health hazard of obesity and HC among Saudi communities, at large, and specilically in the Eastem and Central regions. There is a need to study the food pattems of rural communities which may explain panially the relaiive increase in the prevalence of HC in rural cornmunities. @ 199? Elsevier science lreland Ltd.

BMC Nutrition, 2016

Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in South Asia is higher than in any other developing countries. The diversity of diets in populations among developing countries may be one explanation for the differences in CVD. This study was carried out to explore the association between dietary patterns and the presence of cardiovascular risk factors among Pakistani low income urban adults. Methods: Socio demographic, physical activity and dietary information was collected from 1546 Pakistani subjects aged ≥40 years from the Control of Hypertension and Risk Attenuation (COBRA) study. Anthropometric, clinical and biomarker measures were assessed. Cluster analysis was used to identify dietary patterns from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and multinomial regression was employed to investigate the association between dietary clusters and cardiovascular risk factors, using one of the dietary clusters as a reference category. Results: The most prevalent CVD risk factors among participants were elevated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (69.8 %) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (68.2 %), followed by central obesity (57.1 %), low levels of high density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) (56.3 %), overall obesity (46.0 %), high total cholesterol (32.3 %), and elevated fasting blood sugar (FBS) (34.9 %). The cluster analysis generated 3 non-overlapping diet patterns. Cluster 1(Traditional Pakistani Diet), was dominated by fruits, vegetables, milk products and chicken, included participants with high mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), HDL-C and low mean SBP. Cluster 2 (Moderate Diet) reflected a moderate intake of most food items and included participants with significantly higher mean SBP. Cluster 3 (Fatty Diet) was characterized by high intake of beef, whole milk, paratha and lentils and those following this cluster had a low mean HDL-C and high SBP. In analyses controlling for age, gender, tobacco use and physical activity, participants in the Traditional diet cluster were more likely to be overweight (OR 1.39, 95 % CI 1.08 to 1.78) and high central adiposity (1.33, 95 % CI 1.04 to 1.71) than participants in the Moderate diet cluster, though less likely to have elevated SBP (OR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.51 to 0.86). LDL-C levels were higher in both the traditional Pakistani diet and Fatty diet cluster compared to the Moderate diet cluster. Low HDL-C was also more prevalent among the Traditional Pakistani diet cluster. Conclusion: Among Pakistani population discernable diet patterns can be derived using clusters analysis. CVD risk factors prevalence differed by cluster membership, though relations for specific CVD risk are not consistent across clusters.

Pakistan Heart Journal

Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVDs) is the leading cause of deaths globally. Apart from traditional risks, multiple indigenous factors are implicated to impact disease courses. Lifestyle factors distinct to South Asians may predispose to disease or serve a protective effect. Our study objective was to determine the Relationship of lifestyle and dietary habits of South-east Asian (Pakistani) population with cardiovascular diseases. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted from April to October 2021 in a two-thousand bedded university teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Out of 400 participants, 189 were cases with a documented cardiovascular event and 211 were controls. Participants &gt;18 years were included whereas pregnant females and patients with congenital heart defects were excluded. A structured questionnaire was designed and implemented, and anthropometrics were recorded. Chi-square test, independent sample t-test and multivariate analysis were utilized via S...

IMC Journal of Medical Science, 2017

Background and Aims: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are on the increase worldwide and more in the developing countries. Coronary artery disease (CAD) constitutes the major brunt of CVD. Despite the increasing morbidity and mortality, Bangladesh has a few published data on CAD in rural population. This study addressed the prevalence of CAD and its risk factors in rural population of Bangladesh. Study methods: Sixteen villages were purposively selected in a rural area. A population census was conducted in the selected area. The census yielded eligible participants, who reached at least eighteen years of age. Those who willingly consented to participate were enlisted. Each participant was interviewed regarding CAD risk (age, sex, social class, occupation, illness, family history). Anthropometry (height, weight, waist-and hip-girth) was recorded. Resting blood pressure (BP) was measured. Blood sample was collected for fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (Chol), triglycerides (Tg), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density (HDL). All participants having FBG>5.5mmol/l or systolic (SBP) ≥135 or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥85mmHg underwent electrocardiography (ECG). A team of cardiologists selected and accomplished exercise tolerance test (ETT) and echocardiography (Echo). Results: The prevalence of CAD was 4.5% (95% CI: 3.85-5.15). Compared with the female (3.5%, CI, 2.76-4.24) the male participants had significantly higher prevalence of CAD (6.0%, CI, 4.83-7.13). Comparison of characteristics between participants with and without CAD showed that age, SBP, DBP and FBG were significantly higher in CAD group. Bivariate analysis showed that age, sex, social class, glycemic status, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and smoking were significantly related to CAD. Stepwise logistic regression proved only male sex, rich social class, hypertension and diabetes had independent risk of CAD; whereas, age, obesity and dyslipidemia were proved not significant. Conclusions: The study concludes that the prevalence of CAD in a Bangladeshi rural population is comparable to other developed countries. The male sex, rich social class, hypertension and diabetes were proved to have excess risk of CAD. Neither obesity nor dyslipidemia were found significant for CAD. The younger people had similar risk as the aged ones, which necessitate primordial and primary prevention of CAD. Further study may be undertaken, which should include and consider physical activity and diet; and if possible, Creactive protein, Vitamin D and homocysteine level.

Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2004

To establish risk factor causal associations for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the native Pakistani population. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, case-control study of 200 cases with angiographically documented CAD and 200 ageand sex-matched controls without angiographic evidence of CAD. Patients on lipid lowering therapy were excluded. Lifestyle, anthropometric and biochemical risk factors were assessed in both groups. Results: The presence of CAD was associated with current, past or passive smoking, a history of diabetes and high blood pressure, a positive family history of CAD, body fat percentage, waist-hip ratio (WHR), low apolipoprotein A1 or low HDL, lipoprotein (a), glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol to HDL ratio (TC/HDL) and creatinine on univariate conditional logistic regression analysis. In multiple regression analysis, significant independent associations were found with low HDL (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.04-0.34; p < 0.001) positive family history (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.09-2.93; p = 0.02), CRP (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.19-1.75; p < 0.001) and WHR (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.08; p = 0.01). Angiograms were also quantified for the extent and severity of CAD by the Gensini scoring system. Quantitative angiographic data showed associations with age (p = 0.01), the duration of diabetes (p = 0.04), WHR (p = 0.06), low HDL (p < 0.001), lipoprotein (a) (p = 0.001), creatinine (p < 0.001) and CRP (p = 0.007). Results indicate that total and LDL cholesterol were not significant risk factors in this study; levels were below currently accepted thresholds for treatment. Conclusions: The cardiovascular risk profile in this population is consistent with metabolic syndrome where low HDL and WHR can be used to predict the risk of CAD. Results suggest the need to redefine the currently practised approach to CAD management in this population to fit local needs.