THE ENIGMA OF DARK MATTER SOLVED

arXiv (Cornell University), 2021

In this pedestrian approach I give my personal point of view on the various problems posed by dark matter in the universe. After a brief historical overview I discuss the various solutions stemming from high energy particle physics, and the current status of experimental research on candidate particles (WIMPS). In the absence of direct evidence, the theories can still be evaluated by comparing their implications for the formation of galaxies, clusters and superclusters of galaxies against astronomical observations. I conclude briefly with the attempts to circumvent the dark matter problem by modifying the laws of gravity.

2014

Scientists have identified a sub-atomic particle that could have formed the "dark matter" in the Universe during the Big Bang. [20] Physicists at the University of California, Davis are taking the temperature of dark matter, the mysterious substance that makes up about a quarter of our universe. [19] According to a new study, they could also potentially detect dark matter, if dark matter is composed of a particular kind of particle called a "dark photon." [18] A global team of scientists, including two University of Mississippi physicists, has found that the same instruments used in the historic discovery of gravitational waves caused by colliding black holes could help unlock the secrets of dark matter, a mysterious and as-yet-unobserved component of the universe. [17] The lack of so-called "dark photons" in electron-positron collision data rules out scenarios in which these hypothetical particles explain the muon's magnetic moment. [16] By reproducing the complexity of the cosmos through unprecedented simulations, a new study highlights the importance of the possible behaviour of very high-energy photons. In their journey through intergalactic magnetic fields, such photons could be transformed into axions and thus avoid being absorbed. [15] Scientists have detected a mysterious X-ray signal that could be caused by dark matter streaming out of our Sun's core. Hidden photons are predicted in some extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics, and unlike WIMPs they would interact electromagnetically with normal matter. In particle physics and astrophysics, weakly interacting massive particles, or WIMPs, are among the leading hypothetical particle physics candidates for dark matter. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low matter concentration: dark matter and energy. There is an asymmetry between the mass of the electric charges, for example proton and electron, can understood by the asymmetrical Planck Distribution Law. This temperature dependent energy distribution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity, where the annihilation of matter and antimatter is a high probability event. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron-proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.

Brazilian Journal of Physics, 2013

The dark matter story passed through several stages on its way from a minor observational puzzle to a major challenge for theory of elementary particles. I begin the review with the description of the discovery of the mass paradox in our Galaxy and in clusters of galaxies. First hints of the problem appeared already in 1930s and later more observational arguments were brought up, but the issue of the mass

American Scientist

The observational evidence for dark matter on progressively larger cosmic scales is reviewed in a rather pedagogical fashion. Although the emphasis is on dark matter in galaxies and in clusters of galaxies, its cosmological evidence as well as its physical nature are also discussed.

Berkeley Scientific Journal, 2019

What is the universe made of? We do not know. If standard gravitational theory is correct, then most of the matter in the universe is in an unidentified form that does not emit enough light to have been detected by current instrumentation. Astronomers and physicists are collaborating on analyzing the characteristics of this dark matter and in exploring possible physics or astronomical candidates for the unseen material. The Fourth Jerusalem Winter School (December 30, 1986 to January 8, 1987) was devoted to a discussion of the so-called "missing-matter" problem. The goal of the School was to make current research work on unseen matter accessible to students or faculty without prior experience in this area. As in previous years, the lectures were informal and the discussions extensive. The lecturers were J. Bahcall (IAS), R. Blandford (CalTech), M. Milgrom (Weizmann Institute), J. P. Ostriker (Princeton), and S. Tremaine (CITA). Because of the avowedly pedagogical nature of the School and the strong interactions between students and lecturers, the written lectures often contain techniques and explanations that are not available in more formal journal publications. M. Best cheerfully and expertly converted the lectures to their attractive T E X format. The continued success of the School is made possible by the intelligent and effective leadership of its scientific coordinator, Tsvi Piran, by the strong support of the Israeli Ministry of Science and the Hebrew University, and by Jerusalem's inspiring historical context.

Nuclear Physics B- …, 2000

Philosophy Unscrambles Dark Matter, 2019

Dark Matter was not matter at all. It was a theoretical brainteaser that finally philosophy had to unscramble. Scientists of today do not like this idea but philosophy is capable to deal with theoretical conundrums like dark matter. First chapter which is like a combat between mathematical counterintuitive physics and human commonsense, explains that human commonsense equipped with proper philosophical approach is capable to deal with the problem of dark matter.After making a case for philosophical method, this book then challenges the fundamental convictions of the established Cosmology and explains that even many visible galaxies are located at (light travel) distance of many hundred billion light years. There is no dark matter in any of the so-called 'proofs' of the existence of dark matter and MOND is also an engineered and artificial solution.This book has solved Galactic Rotation problem using Newton's theory and have shown that available theory was capable to explain the flat rotation curves of galaxies without necessitating the existence of dark matter. Thus theory itself is not challenged, blamed or modified. However understanding of scientists of their so-called counterintuitive theories is blamed. For example, to deal with the Galactic Rotation problem, the relevant part of Newton's Principia Mathematica was Proposition LXXIII, Theorem XXXIII. Whereas to deal with this problem, scientists had wrongfully applied Proposition LXXI, Theorem XXXI. Obviously, inaccurate application of available theory resulted in a fake problem and dark matter only served as a ghost solution to that bogus problem.Not only the Galactic Rotation, other so-called indicators of Dark Matter like Cluster Dynamics, Gravitational Lensing, Bullet Cluster, Dark Matter Ring, Fluctuations in CMB Temperature and Structures Formation etc. also have been explained without requiring the need for Dark Matter.Overall this book has presented a strong case of the failure of counterintuitive regime of established Cosmology and Physics.

Einstein Studies, 2020

One of the biggest scientific mysteries of our time resides in the identification of the particles that constitute a large fraction of the mass of our Universe, generically known as dark matter. We review the observations and the experimental data that imply the existence of dark matter. We briefly discuss the properties of the two best dark-matter candidate particles and the experimental techniques presently used to try to discover them. Finally, we mention a proposed project that has recently emerged within the Mexican community to look for dark matter.