Multipolarity 2 WP

We are witnessing the trend of relative economic and, consequently, political weakening of America and the West and a constant rise of the "rest of the world", primarily China, whose economic growth, despite slowing down in recent years, is still three times faster than that in the EU and the US. Given that the strategies and policies of great powers, as well as of smaller countries like Serbia, depend on it, in this paper, we try to answer the question of whether the world is in the process of becoming bipolar, multipolar, or whether some form of unipolarity will persist. We start with the definition of polarity in neo-realist terms. We generally accept that after the end of the Cold War, there was a moment of unipolar US dominance, coupled with its hegemony, but this moment has largely passed. However, we are faced with the situation that there has been no clear emergence of either a new bipolar or multipolar order. We cannot argue that Beijing is the other pole of power since only the US has functional alliances that carry weight economically and militarily. And, if we are witnessing the emergence of multipolarity, that is the one that is still fundamentally asymmetric in America's favour since Washington's actions predominantly determine the main currents of global geopolitical processes. Thus, we claim that the global order is shaped as an unbalanced multipolarity, with the caveat that the role and strength of poles are in modern times considerably less important than before due to the processes of globalisation and economic interdependency.

Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 2019

The concept of multipolarity has come a long way from its categorical rejection by Western politicians and scholars to the strong necessity of taking into account the realities of a multipolar world even by US closest allies. The article is devoted to the analysis of the official discourse, normative and positive concepts of the study of polarity, including system models of international relations, an empirical assessment of the current distribution of power in the world, as well as forecasting the further development of world dynamics. An analysis of the political discourse on polarity over the past 25 years is made and the most significant political figures are highlighted - defenders of multipolarity (BRICS and EU countries) as well as adherents of the unipolar world (NATO countries). The basic theories (mainly of a normative nature) that conceptualize both unipolar discourse (hegemonic stability theory) and multipolar one (theory of multipolar world) are shown. The intellectual ...

2023

Polish Political Science Review

Multipolarity is a book that should be read by anyone interested in non-Western perspectives on global order. It off ers a great understanding of the current transition that the global order fi nds itself in and the book gives perspectives on possible future global order(s). Indeed, the book assumes that the global role of the West is over and that non-Western players (like China, Russia and India, to mention just a couple of countries featured extensively in the book) will take the initiatives in the creation of the future global order. Here, however, a side note should be made. For while scholars in the fi eld might agree on the fact that the current global order is in transition, it is less clear how this order is going to look like. It is certain that in an order in transition, competing powers are vying for infl uence, and this book might be a perfect example of that global order in transition. Multipolarity has been "edited and fi nanced through the assistance of the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute, Berlin." (Schulze, 2018) Th is institute, founded by Vladimir Yakunin in 2016, (Deutsche Welle, a.d. December 14, 2020) has been accused of being a propaganda channel for the Kremlin by several Western media outlets. (Deutsche Welle; Michel (Eurasianet), Michel (Th inkProgress), Wehner (Frankfurter Allgemeine) a.d. December 14, 2020) Inter alia, these media found out that the Dialogue of Civilizations' (DOC) primary funding sources were from Mr. Yakunin, who is considered to be close to the Kremlin. (Michel (Eurasianet), a.d. December 14, 2020) Indeed, one might argue that those Western media outlets are not independent either, which quickly opens up the murky realm of fake news and the spread of disinformation. Th is review is not going to go into the specifi cs of that development. However, it is clear that some chapters of the book do clearly refl ect what people from the global "West" might call a "pro-Russian" stance in the transition of the global order. More of that will be discussed later. However, this review is not going to aim to uncover the absolute truth, for it is clear that neither the "West", nor Russia, nor China, or whatever great power who has any infl uence in the transition of the global order is entirely innocent when it comes to fake news. Instead, this review is going to examine Multipolarity as a symptom of that very transitioning global order. Th e fact that the book gives a voice to non-Western perspectives of the transitioning global order instead of repeating the standard Western view that most of us are familiar with makes Multipolarity a refreshing addition to the literature and something that academicians across the whole world should read. If we have to believe the book, "Western"

If we compare today's world with the World(s) from 1914, 1929 or 1939, some similarities occur: multiple powerful actors on the global and regional levels with conflicting interests, economic difficulties of a large number of economies, and the inability of " the international community " to put a stop on the world's most intense conflicts or rivalries. The Great Recession, which hit the developed, especially European economies the hardest, has shifted more economic power into the direction of emerging economies, thereby accelerating an inevitable economic and political change. Various states have managed to accelerate the change in the distribution of economic wealth. These states, grouped mainly in the BRICS, and in the Next Eleven (N11) have shown, contrary to the Western, " culturally superior " geopolitical thought, that they are neither backward nor incompetent, thereby challenging the developed states. After the paradigm of American Empire, which ended in the worst economic crisis in 70 years, it is time for a new paradigm. Since it would be an illusion to think that multipolarity would be shaped by all the parties concerned, it has to be shaped by those most important. However, the current relations between most powerful states are all but cooperative. The pragmatic relations and the common goals of the BRICS states should not be overestimated. The relations between the USA and the EU, which show a high level of homogeneity because of the Ukrainian crisis, may not in the future be so close. A clear difference would exist between the arranged and the accepted multi-polarity, and a multi-polarity in which one side is not inclined but compelled to accept multipolarity, concurrently limiting its achievements. An approach to the present and the future multipolarity and multipolar world that would be multifarious and multifaceted is therefore a necessity.

Multipolarity and the Russian Foreign Policy-Book Review on: Sergunin, A. A. (2016). Explaining Russian foreign policy behavior: theory and practice. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag, 2020

We already count twenty years since the dawn of the new millennium and almost thirty years when the dissolution of the Soviet Union took place, however post-Soviet Russia still struggles to find out its place into the new post-Cold War order. Alexander Sergunin, professor in the Faculty of International Relations of the Saint Petersburg State University, in his book “Explaining Russian Foreign Policy Behavior: Theory and Practice”, attempts to explore, depict and analyze post-Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy activities and behavior, as well as describe its decision making system.

[PHD RESEARCH PROPOSAL] The Return to Geopolitics in a Multipolar World., 2024

2023

The contemporary international system is undergoing a profound transformation characterized by the emergence of a new multipolar world order. In "A New Multipolar World Order," the author examines the shifting dynamics of global power, moving away from the unipolar dominance of the United States towards a more complex and interdependent arrangement of multiple influential states. This paper explores the historical evolution of global power structures, the decline of Western hegemony, and the rise of new power centers in Asia, Europe, and other regions. Enahce analyzes the implications of this multipolarity on international relations, security, and economic policies, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that come with a diversified power distribution. The study utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, integrating perspectives from political science, economics, and international law to provide a comprehensive understanding of the emerging global landscape. Through a detailed examination of key actors, strategic alliances, and geopolitical shifts, this paper argues that the new multipolar world order presents a unique chance for redefining global governance, fostering cooperative frameworks, and addressing transnational issues more effectively. Enache concludes by discussing potential future scenarios and the need for adaptive strategies to navigate the complexities of this evolving international order.

Armagora, 2024

The global political landscape has shifted from the relative stability and predictability of a US-led post-Cold War unipolar world order to a more complex and volatile multipolar system. The intensified, irrevocable tectonic transition from a post-Cold War unipolarity, characterised by a unified understanding of international politics and its inherent values, to an emergent, competitive, non-Western multipolar structure with counter-interpretations of the rules and norms of international relations may result in decades of global uncertainty. This definitive emergence of a volatile non-Western era, marked by its defiant challenge to West-entrenched norms of the liberal world order, is epitomised by Russia’s ongoing war against Ukraine aimed at thwarting Euro-Atlantic integration, China’s military assertiveness in its eastern strategic peripheries to the detriment of Western influence, Azerbaijan’s expansionist war and ethnic cleansing policy against Armenia and Armenians, Turkey and Iran’s West-exclusive regionalism, and the augmented consolidation of autocracies through non-Western global institutions such as BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the Organisation of Turkic States.

The shift from unipolar to multipolar world order is a crucial debate international relations. The consequences of asymmetrical multipolarity and power sharing remains unclear for international security. The concept of multilateralism is not same for all emerging powers and so have different consequences. The paper examines the emerging powers which can be potential contestants for hegemonic status apart from the traditional ones. Moreover it also throws the light on the aspirations of these states and their influence on the regional and global security.