Identification of Unknown Bacteria

Necessities of investigators having diverse interests in fungi have leci to Ehe formulation of new, and modifications of existing, media to suit Ehe specific need of the rvorkers over the past years. The results of these have been that as many as 185 fungal culture media have been listed by Booth iL971). Tsao (1970) has extensively revier^,ed a large nuurber of \ selective nedia and has stressed the ever increasing need for evolving more and more selective medig, Most of the selective media so far evolved have dealE with the isolation of fungi from soil. only a very smal1 nuurber of media deal with isolation from infected plants. These include Ehose of Schneider (1956), Russel (1956), Eckert and rsao (l_960, L962), Tsao and Menyoea (1966) and Vaarraja (1968). From the work carried out on the isolation of fungi (chapcer 6) sclerophoma pff!:gphi&. was found to be the most f requent fungus among the assoeiates of Ramichioriditrn pini. The latter has been shor,,n to be the eausal pathcgen of lodgepole pine shoot dieback (vide chapter 1o). ihereforeany medium which r+i11 suppress S. pythicphila while allowing rormal grorrrth of R. pini under investigation is like1y to be very useful :o subsequent workers. Moreoverr-[, pythiophi-la being sc ubiquitous a :ungus on coniferous shoots and neeclles, aDy medium on which this ftrngus-"'.' be suppressed while allowing grovrth of some other pathogenic fungi : a'-uralIy deserves to be t.reated as a very usefur medir:m. secondly, during isolation work, B. pini was found noE to produce ::rr.' or only a very few conidia on 2z malt agar, but mass production of :-e fungus and preferably its spores, is necessary for any extensive rnocul-aEion experiments. (Chapter 6, table 6.7) ir some sort of suppression Czapeli Dox Agar (CDA) ro and to find a medium or spores of R. pini could 111 During isolation of fungi on a nurnber of niedia was found that Czape.k Dox agar (Oxoid) afforded to S. pythiophila. Hence, attempts to modify , further suppress the growth of S" pythiophile natural substrate on which mass productr.on of be obtained was consiciered fully justified. 7 .2 MATERIA]. AND I'TETHODS Five culture media, czapek Dox Agar i.e. cDA (oxoid), zT. r,IaLt Extract Agar i'e' zz MA and oat Meal Agar 'i.e. oI'1A (Booth , tgTr), potaro Dextrose Agar i.e. pDA (oxoid) and vegetable Agar i.e. vA (viae chapter 5, subsection 1.5) were first tested. to assess the relative growth of S' pythiophila and R. pig on them. The media were autoclaved at 1089 gm/sq cm (15 p.s.i.) for 20 minures, rhe pH adjusred ro 6.G before plating, b), the use of either a LOZ solution of sodium hl,droxicie or lactic acid in sterili-sed r,+ater, and aoproximatery 20 mr medium r.ras poured into standard 85 rrn diameter petri-dishes. 7 rm diameter myceriar agar plug inocura from one rnonth o1d cultures of the fungi were used as stanciar<i inocula. One inocur-um,,+as praced in the centre of a dry piate with the rycelial surface in direct contact i+ith the medium. A standard replication ;f 5 pLates was used. The plates wego-incubate<, at lgoc in dark and ::served after 5, 1o and 2o days. Linear grorrTth on agar (Ryan, Beadle and-3tum' 1943; Fawcett , lg25), being the least laborious method of estiurating ::cwth' was used. Two records of diameter growth at right angles for =ach colony at every time of observations were taken for regutar colonies. ;ere growth was irregular, maximum and minimum diameters LTere measured :: get an average. Measurement was taken to the nearest ffin to avoid 112 ._____rru. These ruere the s

2008

About this book. These are the lecture notes of a course I taught in the fall of 2004. This was the first time I taught the course, and the first time this course was taught, period. These lecture notes, therefore, are probably full of inaccuracies, mild fibs, and gross errors. Ok, make that ‘are definitely full of &c’, because I know of several errors that time has prevented me from addressing. However, I would be interested in hearing any comments and suggestions you have, or

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research, 2018

Some important characteristics of the organisms are given in each genera which may serve as key for their identifi cation.

This chapter provides an overview of this edited volume outlining the chapters written by various authors.

FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1992

2014

P arasitic infections are a major public health problem worldwide; particularly in the developing countries. The prevalence of the intestinal parasitic infections varies from one region to another and it also depends largely on the diagnostic methods which are employed and the number of stool examinations which are done. In India, malnutrition, unhygienic conditions, the improper disposal of sewage and the non-availability of potable water supplies in the rural and the urban areas are responsible for the high rate of intestinal parasitic infections.

MATERIAI AND }iET}IODS .1 lrryaLlg! of lod !S*gtt* *b.Su, rhe j, r and anatons, of rele_,:ant parts dj fferen-li.L;il:-on iirto shoors Available i,formation on the initiation and formation of a lodgep.1e :ine bud and its <iiffer:entiation, from lanner and Van Den Berg (1975) has :=en aiready deatt with (see chaprer 2, subsection 2 .2.6.) From observations at Eilanreach forest and at the Botanic Gardens, Aberdeen, the :evelopmental sequence of lodgepole pine (provenance 7LL7)was recorded. rn basic details, the anatomy of the succur.ent stems and needles of-ccigepole pi'e resembr-es that of ot,er pines. These har.e been treated in :erails by Esau (1960), BracegirdLe an,l Miles (Lglg), and elsewhere, hence :natomy of these structures are not dealt with here. Sor.re information on-ature bud is shown in figure 5.11. The relative position of need,le sheaths and needle prirnordia, and the relation of needle traces to xyleu and pith roere examined by cutting sections (r5 um in Ehickness,) of buds and shoots and examining the seetions in lactophenol cotton blue. The ,ffi:. ";f"ed will be relevant parrlv i. rhis chaprer and parrly in o, Q) i.2.2 pisrinsuishins r. pirln,Ii !. p:tnio4ifg ulri* Featuresof R. pini in culture are already considereci :artieularly table 6.10. fmportant characteristics of S. _,^_ :", by growing rhe fungus on 2Z ld.; i,ivo ,";.r.." :icroscopic exaurination of'needle s.eaths, bud scales, an.-ead needles of flushing shoots. Some information is also :.enopoulos (19 74). and in vivo in Chapter 6, IEII:i.oph:itg r^/ere were studied by healthy and derived from L92 : .:. 3-AU.,tEgt_g! R. airii 1ggig51 on derachecj bud .!-1CLe*s_:._n,c_"a_k_l:Sg*g, needtes and ba{k of ffgilring-s}qotq-The optimum temperature for the germination of conidia of 4. piE eiongation gerIu tubes in vitro is 2loc (see fig. 8.21). Irree water is =ssential for germination of conidia. At looz re1ati...e hu,ridity, gcod. Sermination was observed on drv cover glasses (see fig. s.12), but free :.-ater improved germination on agar surfaces (vide table S.9). Tnerefore, =t first, the behaviour of the conidia of R, pini. was investigated on :etached br:tr sceles, need.re sheatrrs etc where more precise control of :eryerarure (210c) anci rerarive iiuniditlr (.iao} were possible, rhe =rparatus for this rr'as similar to that used in relative humidity experimen. isee fig. S.20), except, that it iuas larger. It is described below. Pieces of glass 4'o x 4'o x 1.1 cm, with a coneave cavity 3.5 cm in dianeter and raaximum depth of 0,6, at the centre, lJere taken. using rBlue tacr supporL, a 2.2 crn cover glass was fixed. above each carrity. left a space between the sides of the cover grass and ihe side of the and not ,a This cavity thus allowing a continuity r:f air space above ancl below the cover glass to be maintained. Next, frc,rn flushing shoots, nee<]le sheaEhs, bud scales (scales which covered the needle budlet prinordia in the burj and lshich r'rith the growth of the shoot, became scales at tire base of emerging needles) ' young needles and-qucculent shoot pieces were removed and then dried of any free moisture in-g dir-fror,r chamber for a fe;y minutes, rhen' by gently touching th,gse pieees to the mycelial gr*+th of It. pini with conidia on corn (vide chapter 7), sufficient conidia were collected for subsequent examination. Each of these parts were then placed oa the cover glass of a replicate of five chambers. Five con.trcl.s for each of the parts 'rere simiiarly kent, except that. they rlici not receive any 3. pinr c..idia, The cavity belot' a cover glass vras filled witrr clistilled rdater, leaving some empty space. A transparent glass .l irr L o * t, r,, _-n q 1.93 was used to cover the set up, sealed at the edges by Sellotape ancl incubated at 21oc in dark, in an incubator maintained in a cold room, for 4g hours, After remorral from the incubator, the lids were taken off, water renoved., and the chanbers exposed to 75oc for 15 minutes to kill the gerurineted and ungerminated coniclia (see chapter B.o). The neeclle sheaEhs a,d bud

The book was intended to assist the students of Burao University for acquire adequate basic knowledge about the microorganisms. The book composes six chapters whereas each chapter designed to address essential characteristics of particular microbe. The first chapter which is an introductory gives clear explanations about historical development of microbiology; characteristics of microorganisms; classifications of microorganism ; type of cell structure (prokaryote and eukarya) as well as to explained internal components of the cell that are common to all microorganisms. Chapter two has detailed bacterial characteristics such as physiological characteristics; morphological characteristics; comparison of bacteria; internal components of bacteria and the pathological characteristics.