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2021, Acta stomatologica Naissi
Introduction:In addition to the characteristic clinical picture of respiratory infection, patients with COVID-19 can also be diagnosed with oral manifestations. Aim: The aim of this study was to review current literature for the prevalence of changes in the oral cavity i.e., the presence of oral symptoms in patients with COVID-19, in order to indicate that oral manifestations may occur due to viral infection with SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Important information relevant to the study was obtained by searching the available electronic PubMed and Google Scholar database. Results: Oral lesions were found in different locations in patients with COVID-19: tongue mucosa (dorsum and lateral sides of the tongue), buccal mucosa, hard and soft palate, inner lip and gingiva. The most common were ulcerations in different parts of the oral cavity. It is still unclear whether oral lesions in SARS-CoV-2 virus infection were a consequence of the primary effect of the virus itself or a secondary manifestat...
Journal of Cellular Biotechnology
An important indicator of general health, well-being, and quality of life is oral health. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has been discovered to have a number of adverse effects. One of the earliest tissue areas to become infected by the virus and undergo alterations is the oral cavity. Oral manifestations included ulcer, erosion, bulla, vesicle, pustule, fissured or depapillated tongue, macule, papule, plaque, pigmentation, halitosis, white patches, haemorrhagic crust, necrosis, petechiae, swelling, erythema, and spontaneous bleeding. The tongue (38%), labial mucosa (26%), and palate (22%) were the three most typical sites of involvement. Aphthous stomatitis, herpetiform lesions, candidiasis, vasculitis, mucositis, drug eruption, necrotizing periodontal disease, angina bullosa-like, angular cheilitis, atypical sweet syndrome, and Melkerson-Rosenthal syndrome were suggested diagnoses for the lesions. In 68% of instances, oral lesions were symptomatic. There were almost equally as many o...
Saudi journal of oral and dental research, 2022
The new SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a worldwide emergency. It is recognized as a multiorgan disease and post-acute sequalae are seen in many systems. Many oral symptoms have been reported in relation to COVID-19. Cause-effect relationship between coronavirus and the appearance of such oral lesions still cannot be established. Immunosuppression state of positive cases could explain appearance of oral lesions. Oral hygiene is an aspect that should not be left aside, and it is of great importance to encourage the patient to reinforce hygiene techniques.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a threat to the global health caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lungs are the primary site of infection in COVID-19 patient and the symptoms ranges from mild flu like manifestations to fulminant pneumonia and respiratory failure. COVID-19 infection also significantly affects the oral cavity and salivary glands with oral mucosal manifestations. Other than airway manifestations, COVID-19 patients are presenting with oral cavity lesions such as aphthous like ulcers, glossitis, oral mucositis or stomatitis, oral candidiasis and herpetic recurrences. These oral lesions are often associated with immunocompromised patients and elderly age. Direct involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus for development of oral ulcers remains uncertain. The salivary gland related symptoms and taste disturbances are highly common in COVID-19 patients. In COVID-19 patient, certain presentations like ulcers or blisters or diffuse reddish lesions affect both keratinized and non-keratinized tissues of the oral cavity. These lesions are found in palate, lip mucosa, buccal mucosa and tongue. The ulceration and blisters of the oral cavity are more often seen. There is still a gap of knowledge related to the oral manifestations of the COVID-19 infections and its impact on the oral cavity. This review article discussed the details of the oral cavity lesions in COVID-19 patients.
International Journal of Enhanced Research in Medicines & Dental Care (IJERMDC),, 2021
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single chain, plus stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of Coronaviridae, responsible for causing covid-19 disease. In literature, abundant studies have reported about the clinical signs observed in SARS-CoV-2 patients but majority of them have not verified the oral health status. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the oral manifestation in covid positive patients and to obtain more information about their oral health status. Methods: 200 participants were enrolled in this observational study with the aim to obtain more information about the oral health status and associated oral manifestation in patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 by using an online questionnaire consisting of demographic details and fifteen close ended questions. Results: Amongst 200 participants 20% reported of irregular brushing of teeth, 94.5% reported of irregular use of interdental aid and 77% reported of infrequent use of tongue cleaner during the period of active covid infection. Most common oral manifestation observed were alteration/loss of smell (40.5%), alteration/loss of taste (46%), difficulty in swallowing (47.5%) and xerostomia (21.5%) whereas the least common oral manifestation noted were rash on face (2%) and swelling inside the oral cavity (5%). Conclusions: This study illustrates a close relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and its associated oral manifestation. Early diagnosis of the oral lesion along with proper treatment might help to reduce the disease transmission and associated oral complications
Journal of Medical and Dental Practice
There has been a reported number of cases showing a wide variety of oral alterations with the potential of being associated with COVID-19. We present a case report of a 59-year-old female. The diagnosis for SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by a positive antigen test. The patient noticed an aphthous-like lesion on the right side of the lower lip that presented from the first day of the disease. The patient suffered also from headaches that became stronger; she had a sore throat, pain in both ears, dysgeusia, and anosmia. On the seventh day the patient felt stomach ache and nausea, with the lesion being most painful compared to the previous days. After the tenth day the aphthous-like lesion was not visible, but still painful. Two months later the lesion was no longer visible, but the patient still felt a concavity in the area when exploring it with her tongue. No pain or discomfort was described at this stage. A variety of oral lesions in SARS-CoV-2 disease have been reported in the literature. Regarding oral changes, usual clinical appearance described comprises aphthous-like lesions. Older age and severity of COVID-19 are the most common factors that predict severity of oral lesions. The exact aetiology and pathogenesis of oral changes in patients with this viral infection are not yet well known. More studies are required to elaborate and confirm the relationship between COVID-19 and the described oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2.
Background: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease, also named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which can cause various systemic manifestations that pose a threat to human life. Oral lesions in patients with COVID-19 may appear during or after the illness and may or may not be a consequence of the viral infection. Objective: In this case series we compare the oral manifestations in hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients and COVID-19 negative dental outpatients. Methods: 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 41 control patients, were examined for oral signs and symptoms. The controls were dental patients who visited the hospital for dental care without complaining of any problems related to the oral cavity itself. Results: We have observed a strong association between certain clinical findings and COVID-19, including alterations in taste (ageusia, dysgeusia, and hypogeusia), anosmia, hairy tongue, tongue imprints, red tongue, erythematous candidiasis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and exfoliative cheilitis. A trend but not statistically significant association at the level of 5% was also noted for colored tongue, linea alba, and pale mucosa. On the contrary, fissured tongue and oral mucosa pigmentation were more frequent in the controls, statistically significant at the level of 5%. Conclusion: COVID-19 has been found to impact the oral cavity, resulting in various oral lesions that can be attributed to either the direct action of the virus or the patient's immune response.
Jorjani Biomedicine Journal, 2021
According to recent studies, oral lesions associated with COVID-19, manifests in various forms which may be as inaugural symptoms for the onset of the disease. However, further investigations are needed to confirm their probable characteristic role in diagnosis of COVID-19. It should be also noted that any oral manifestation in COVID-19 must be considered to avoid neglecting oral changes with more lasting destructive effects such as necrotizing periodontal lesions.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has impacted the world in an unprecedented way since December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 was found in the saliva of patients, and entry points for the virus may have been through the numerous angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in the oral cavity. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 could contribute to the burden of oral disease. Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral manifestations of COVID-19 in patients and their association with disease severity. Methods: Interviews were conducted with adult participants diagnosed with COVID-19 between October 2021 and March 2022 to document their demographic and health status data, symptoms, and the presence of oral manifestations of COVID-19. Chi-square and the Fisher’s exact test were used to compare data on the presence or absence of oral manifestations of COVID-19. Results: Of 195 participants interviewed, 33% were 18 to 24 years old, 33% were 25 to 34 years old, and 75% were female. A total of 57...
Research Square (Research Square), 2022
BACKGROUND A myriad of symptoms associated with COVID-19 have been reported in the literature. It's currently unclear if these symptoms are part of a normal clinical pattern directly induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or are secondary to the patient's compromised systemic condition, given the probability of coinfections, immunosuppression, and treatment-related adverse effects (4). The aim of this research was to nd answers to the question"What is the prevalence of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients?". METHODS A questionnaire was designed to detect and identify changes in the oral mucosa in patients with COVID-19 infection. During their follow-up at the Gölcük State Hospital COVID Outpatient Clinic, clinicians and an academic specialist performed a face-to-face survey of the patients. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and their consent to participate in the study was obtained along with their signatures on the questionnaire form. The data was collected between April 12 and May 22, 2020, and it was analyzed, archived, and processed anonymously. RESULTS This survey included 306 COVID-19 patients in total. The results revealed that only 29.4% of respondents had complaints of oral aphthae and ulcers and 18.94% experienced oral pain; with the most commonly reported symptom being xerostomia (67,6%). There was a widespread distribution of reported symptoms with varying incidences and locations. CONCLUSION Analyzing the data this study procured, one still can't conclusively determine whether the oral manifestations develop secondary to COVID-19.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the human population by revealing many health problems, including within the oral cavity. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Is there a relationship between oral manifestations and SARS-CoV-2 infection?”. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, twenty-seven studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Based on the meta-analysis, nearly two-thirds of the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients reported oral symptoms, in particular taste alterations, xerostomia and ulcerations (54.73% [95% CI: 46.28–63.04%], 37.58% [95% CI: 26.35–49.53%], and 21.43% [95% CI: 13.17–31.06%], respectively). In conclusion, despite the conducted systematic review, the increased prevalence of oral manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection cannot be clearly established due to the possible association of other factors, e.g., individual or environmental factors.
Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, 2022
Objectives The current COVID-19 pandemic has created a huge impact across the globe. Recent literature has reported the occurrence of varied oral lesions in COVID-19 patients in the form of sporadic case reports. This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out to gauge and understand the pattern of oral lesions in qualitative RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Methods A cross-sectional study involves a total of 500 qualitative RT-PCR confirmed, hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were meticulously scanned for any hard and soft tissue lesions developing concomitantly with the disease occurrence. Results This study included a total of 367 (73.4%) males and 133 (26.6%) female patients with a mean age of 53.46 ± 17.50 years. Almost 51.2% of patients presented with gustatory disturbance, 28% with xerostomia and 15.4% of patients were found to have oral findings like erythema, ulcers, depapillation of tongue. There was a statistically significant correlation between oral manifestations and disease severity (p B 0.001). Conclusion COVID-19 is found to effect oral health with greater probability in patients with severe diseases (SARI) which may be due to disease itself, immune response and lack of motivation for personal hygiene measures.
Research Square (Research Square), 2023
Objective To determine the prevalence of oral manifestations in symptomatic patients in the ambulatory setting with suspected COVID-19. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated oral manifestations in adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with suspected and con rmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare data between the groups (RT-PCR-positive and RT-PCR-negative patients). Results One hundred and thirty-sixparticipants were included. Mostwere female (n = 79; 58.1%), mean age of 39.53 (± 14.17) years. Of these, 54 (39.7%) had a positive RT-PCR test, and 82 (60.3%) had negative RT-PCR results. Oral manifestations were observed in 40 participants (74.1%)in the RT-PCR-positive group and in 67 participants (81.7%) in the RT-PCR-negative group. The most common oral manifestations were xerostomia (n = 85; 62.5%) and dysgeusia/ageusia (n = 57; 41.9%). Different rates of gingivitis (n = 12; 22.2% vs n = 5; 6.1%) and halitosis (n = 7; 13.0% vs n = 1; 1.2%) were observed between the RT-PCRpositive and negative groups, respectively. Mouth ulcers, glossitis, tongue coating, and petechiae were reported in both groups, without signi cant differences. Conclusions A high prevalence of oral manifestations was observed in symptomatic patients with suspected or con rmed COVID-19. Clinical Relevance This study highlights the importance of routine oral examinations by dentists as part of the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 patients.
SciDoc Publishers, 2021
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 was characterized as a pandemic before been declared asa Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The outbreak has affected more than 148 million people affecting the respiratory system, skin, and digestive system. Hence, the present study aims tofind the preponderance of oral manifestations of COVID-19and to suggest the management of those affected with the same. Method: In the present review, search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were used. Gray literature was also included by performing a manual search on Google Scholar. All the articles that were published till April 25, 2021, were included. The search keywords include: "Symptoms", "Oral Manifestation", "Mouth disease", "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", and "India". Results: The most common oral manifestations are: sore throat (25.43%) followed by dysgeusia (27.84%). The other common symptoms are enanthema (58.5%), oral lesions (48.5%), and oral bleeding (22.95%). Chlorhexidine mouthwash, topical or systemic corticosteroids,normal saline gargling, and artificial saliva are used in managing the manifestations. Conclusion: Looking out and identifyingthe oral manifestation can help in timely diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19.So, Therefore,it is important to include dentists in the multidisciplinary team assisting the COVID-19 patients.
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 infections are usually associated with acute respiratory symptoms along with fever, myalgia, fatigue, altered taste and smell sensation. However, some oral cavity manifestations have been found in COVID-19 patients. There is debate whether these oral cavity manifestations are due to SARS-CoV-2 infection or secondary to patient's systemic condition. Currently research shows that SARS-CoV-2 affect the respiratory tract and other organs those have angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. ACE2 receptors are abundantly present in the oral cavity tissues which prone for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The oral cavity lesions in COVID-19 patient ranges from ulcers in the oral cavity to candidiasis, recurrent herpes simplex, geographical tongue, mucositis and petechiae. COVID-19 infection significantly affects the oral cavity and salivary glands. Gustatory dysfunction or dysgeusia is a common oral cavity manifestation of COVID-19 patient. Clinicians should keep in mind about different lesions of the oral cavity and taste disturbances of the COVID-19 patients which will help the early diagnosis, treatment and avoid morbidity of the patient. There is still debate on exact cause for oral manifestations of the COVID-19 infections and its impact. This review article discusses the details of this neglected clinical entity such as oral cavity lesions in COVID-19 patients.
Brazilian Journal of Health Review, 2024
The aim of this review was to analyze the oral manifestations of COVID-19. A systematic literature review was carried out using the following databases: Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science; this yielded 2497 articles, and 28 met the criteria for inclusion. The searches were carried out from October to December 2021. The articles show that oral alterations present as manifestations of mild cases of COVID-19, but that these can also occur in severe cases of the disease, due to the existence of several factors, increasing the risk of death. Thus, there are many explanations for the development of oral manifestations of COVID-19; they can be related to age, sex, comorbidities, among other factors. Conclusion: Although there is no clinical pattern of the disease, the most common manifestations in the literature are anosmia, dysgeusia, erosions, halitosis, ulcerations and xerostomia. Therefore, this emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary understanding of the disease when analyzing and diagnosing the oral manifestations of COVID-19.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is a contagious disease that began in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. [1] COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease caused by the virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The common clinical presentations of COVID-19 patients are fever, cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and anorexia. [2] The first entry point of the SARS-CoV-2 is the oral cavity before entering into the respiratory tract. [3] Currently, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been detected in the saliva of the COVID-19 patient. It has been confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which can be more sensitive than the nasopharyngeal test. [4] Furthermore, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 has been detected in the mucosa of the oral cavity and more densely on the dorsum of the tongue and salivary glands relative to the buccal mucosa and palates. [5] Certain factors of the patients aggravate the development of oral cavity lesions, such as older age of the patient, severity of the COVID-19 infection, lack of oral hygiene, stress, opportunistic infection, underlying diabetes mellitus, immunosuppressive medication, immunocompromised disease, and trauma secondary to intubation. [6] Currently, there is a very smaller number of literature regarding oral manifestations in COVID-19 patients and these oral cavity lesions almost create more morbidities of the patients. There is a lack of robust epidemiological studies regarding oral manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which indicates that this clinical issue is neglected by patients and clinicians. Here,
Oral Diseases, 2020
Research, Society and Development, 2021
As the COVID-19 pandemic spreads around the world, professionals must prepare for an increase in severely ill patients. Considering that professionals who perform oral care, especially the oral health team, is the most exposed to SARS-CoV-2, and that saliva can be the main vector in the transmission from person to person, it is essential that they are supported by the best evidence for their performance with risk reduction. In view of the literature, the clinical studies of COVID-19 do not often describe oral symptoms, and it is still uncertain whether these manifestations may be a typical clinical pattern resulting from direct SARS-CoV-2 infection or a systemic consequence, given the possibility of co-infections, impaired immune system and adverse drug reactions. As the prevalence of clinical manifestations is still unknown, the possible manifestations of COVID-19 in the oral cavity has been considered of wide and current interest. Therefore de aim of this study was to report a cas...
Medicine international, 2024
Systemic disorders may exhibit early signs when conducting an oral examination. Since the onset of the CoVID-19 pandemic, several studies have been published detailing the direct impact of the virus on the oral cavity. the present study aimed to determine whether indeed there are any significant disparities in oropharyngeal manifestations between individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and a control group, and whether the virus has the ability to invade and reproduce inside oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts, resulting in the development of oral ulcerations and superficial lesions. The present study provides an overview of the symptoms that occur at an early stage of the illness, and the most commonly affected regions of the oral cavity, including the tongue, lips, palate and oropharynx are examined. In the present retrospective study, 52 patients infected with CoVID-19 were recruited between april, 2021 and october, 2022. In addition, 52 indi-viduals who tested negative for the virus were recruited as the control group. the study was conducted through a thorough examination and questionnaire provided to all participants. the results revealed that among the cohort of patients from the CoVID-19 group examined (n=52), a proportion (mean, 16.15) displayed oral manifestations. Specifically, 75% of the patients in the CoVID-19 group described oral cavity pain, and 69% of these patients had changes in teeth color or dental caries. In summary, in relation to the control group, the prevalence of oropharyngeal symptoms was generally lower compared to the CoVID-19 group, apart from oral cavity pain (30.8%), tonsillitis (17.3%), bleeding (34.6%), teeth color changes (36.5%), recurrence (15.4%) and abscesses (7.7%). thus, on the whole, the patients without CoVID-19 had fewer oral manifestations.
Seven Editora eBooks, 2023
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