Community work and community development

-a category of disadvantaged people -unorganized groupment of people, they need a help -a community of interests -organised interest association, that express its interests and work on them -a service community -organised connection inhabitants of community, that are able afford a help with a network of professional organizations -a municipality -that is mean as social space, in which are built relations between providers of services and disadvantaged, who are able establis their interests and support their realisations by an activity/action Social work (Popple, 1995; Barker, 1987; Hartl, 1993 Hartl, , 1997 consider as community rather groupment of people, who have common characteristics, no expect with existing sens of community, fellings of solidarity etc. Objectives of community work are to mobilise this facts.

The role of community development is to support people and community groups to identify and articulate their needs, and to take practical, collective action to address them.Those who practice community development come from a range of backgrounds and gain their skills and knowledge both from formal qualifications and through practice. Community development can – and should – be practiced in all sectors, whether public, private or voluntary.

Community Health Studies, 2010

Journal of Community Practice, 2009

ILO Working Paper 149, 2013

In the context of a global jobs crisis, there is renewed interest in the role of public employment in providing work opportunities even where markets are unable to do so. This context has also seen a range of forms of innovation in public employment, with new forms of work and new approaches to implementation delivering different kinds of outcomes. The Community Work Programme in South Africa is an example of such innovation. The CWP was designed to use public employment as an instrument of community development, and uses participatory local processes to identify work that needs to be done to improve the quality of life in poor communities. This has resulted in a multi-sectoral work menu with a strong emphasis on care, food security, community safety and a range of other work activities. The inclusion of work in the social sector within a public employment programme creates new ways of strengthening social outcomes. The CWP also differs from other public employment programmes with its focus on providing ongoing access to part-time work for those who need it at local level, providing an income floor in ways that draw from lessons of social protection. This design feature is a specific response to the structural nature of unemployment in South Africa, which means that for many participants, there is no easy exit from public employment into other economic opportunities; instead, the CWP supplements as well as strengthening their other livelihood strategies. The Community Work Programme was an outcome of a strategy process commissioned by the South African Presidency in 2007 that aimed to strengthen economic development strategies targeted at the poor. This process recognized that in a context of deep structural inequality and unemployment, strategies were needed that could enable economic participation even where markets are unable to do so. This formed part of the rationale for scaling up South Africa’s existing commitments to public employment, with the CWP also designed to use public employment as an instrument of community development. The CWP is still a relatively new programme, institutionalized in the Department of Co-operative Governance in South African since April 2010. This article examines the policy rationale for the CWP, describes its key design features and explores the forms of local innovation to which it is giving rise, in relation to the forms of work undertaken and the associated community development outcomes. It also explores some of the challenges of implementation and the policy questions to which this innovation in public employment is giving rise.

2011

""Blurb on back cover: Since the first edition and because of its numerous reprints and wide distribution, it became clear that 'Theory and Practice' was fulfilling a need amongst Southern African students, academics and practitioners for a text that would not only answer the 'what?' question regarding community work, but also 'how' it could be applied in practice. Feedback received since 2001 have been used to rewrite and substantially expand the contents in order to make it even more relevant and useful to a broader Southern African readership. The approach that is followed in this second edition is still twofold in nature. The first is to provide an overview of the nature and context of community work (see Part 1). This mainly covers the core theories and approaches on which community work is based, its nature, the components found in practice and the basic process that could be followed in intervention. The core point of departure is that intervention within the Southern African context usually takes on a community development, social planning, community education, social marketing and or social action form. These approaches are grouped into five practice models. Part 2 contains a more detailed look at the nature of each practice model, when to use it and especially how it could be applied in practice. It also includes numerous new practical guidelines, ideas, examples and tools that the practitioner could use to improve his or her service delivery and to empower community members more effectively. This book was especially written with social workers in mind. It could, however, also be used by various other practitioners from within the broad field of social and community development.""