Human Enhancement: A new issue in philosophical agenda

Um debate organizado por Alexander Gerner (CFCUL) e Nuno Nabais (CFCUL) 26 de Junho a partir das 21h30 na Fábrica Braço de Prata no âmbito do projecto "Philosophy of Cognitive Enhancement" Este debate gira em torno das ideias apresentadas no livro "Experimentum Humanum" (2011; Relógio d´Agua) de Hermínio Martins, tomando também em conta Allenby & Sarawitz em "The Techno-Human Condition" (2011; MIT), Peter Sloterdijk em "Du mußt dein leben ändern!" [2009; Suhrkamp), Person & Savulescu (2012; Oxford) em "Unfit for the Future. The Need for Moral Enhancement" e Nicolas Angar em "Humanity's End. Why we should reject Radical Enhancement (2010, MIT)

Revista de Medicina y Ética, 2021

La investigación biomédica en seres humanos en los países con mediano o bajo ingreso ha despertado el interés de la bioética por cómo lograr una distribución equitativa de los beneficios. Las cuestiones de justicia se han abordado bajo el concepto de «disponibilidad razonable» o «distribución justa de los beneficios». Sin embargo, la insuficiencia de este enfoque radica en que las cuestiones públicas se han abordado desde los principios bioéticos de beneficencia, no maleficencia y justicia. Recientemente se ha abordado el tema desde la justicia social, pero el enfoque propio de la ética referida a las poblaciones o ética pública es una asignatura pendiente de profundizar. Este trabajo quiere señalar la importancia de este enfoque complementario. Se pretende, desde la ética pública, ver la necesidad de enfocarse en el valor social del conocimiento generado, y ofrecer algunos criterios orientadores para ser detectados por los Comités de Ética de la Investigación.

2018

espanolEn este articulo evaluamos dos lados del debate sobre la mejora biomedica. Primero, la idea de que la mejora biomedica deberia prohibirse sobre la base de que degrada la naturaleza humana; segundo , que la mejora biomedica puede, en principio, eliminar la fuente del mal moral. Al hacerlo, propondremos una nocion diferente de la naturaleza humana, lo que llamaremos la idea agato -teleologica de la naturaleza humana , y sus implicaciones para una comprension filosofica del cuerpo humano. Ademas, senalaremos por que no parece razonable pensar que la mejora corporal sea suficiente para garantizar el progreso moral. Finalmente, propondremos la idea de que nuestras sociedades tecnologicas necesitan una nueva virtud moral, lo que llamaremos la virtud de la integridad corporal no conservadora EnglishIn this paper we assess two sides of the debate concerning biomedical enhancement. First, the idea that biomedical enhancement should be prohibited on the grounds that it degrades human n...

Base Diseño e Innovación, 2022

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia exploratoria orientada a dimensionar la noción de biodiseño para fortalecer la formación de futuros diseñadores industriales y generar bases metodológicas para diseñar con la biotecnología. En la academia escuchamos frecuentemente los conceptos de biodiseño y biónica para señalar la aplicación de principios biológicos en un proyecto. Incluso, dentro de la currícula de diversas licenciaturas en diseño industrial se puede identificar algún curso para abordar esta temática. No obstante, poco se discute sobre la biotecnología y sus implicaciones con el biodiseño en lo particular y con el diseño en un escenario más general. En este contexto surge la pregunta ¿Qué noción de biodiseño es la que debe permear en la actualidad? Para responder, se ejecutó una investigación teórica, así como un trabajo metodológico, que permite explorar la relación biotecnología y diseño, a través de un marco de referencia teórico y del desarrollo de varios proyectos de final de carrera por parte de los estudiantes de diseño industrial. Los resultados obtenidos ejemplifican una perspectiva alternativa al ejercicio del biodiseño, que no necesariamente se simplifica a la aplicación de un biomaterial o al rescate de residuos orgánicos, sino que, por el contrario, puede representar la propuesta de un nuevo sistema sociotécnico que impacta al usuario, a la comunidad o incluso a toda la sociedad.

Arquivos Brasileiros De Cardiologia, 2010

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, a resolução 196/96 e suas complementares regulamentam a preservação dos direitos, do respeito e da dignidade dos seres humanos envolvidos em pesquisas. OBJETIVO: Analisar a adequação dos temas livres (TLs) apresentados durante o XVIII Congresso Pernambucano de Cardiologia à resolução 196/96. MÉTODOS: Estudo de Corte Transversal. Foram realizadas entrevistas com autores dos TLs apresentados. Os resumos dos trabalhos foram analisados no sentido de identificar a necessidade de prévia aprovação por um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP). RESULTADOS: Foram apresentados 90 TLs. A fonte de dados mais utilizada foram prontuários médicos (86,8%). Apenas 23,1% dos TLs foram submetidos à avaliação por um CEP e em 15,4% foi utilizado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Entre os autores cujos trabalhos não foram avaliados por um CEP, 65,6% afirmaram que esta não era uma conduta necessária e 18,0% deles desconheciam a necessidade de realizar tal avaliação. A au...

2018

Introduction: Human dignity, as coined by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR / 1948), is an expression social solidarity, which should cement the relations between people. Human dignity is the foundation of all rights, such as freedom, equality, justice and peace in the world, and in Brazil, human dignity was deemed a fundamental pillar of the country’s post-1988 constitutional order. Objective: This article seeks to a deeper investigation about the social nature of human dignity and its definition over time.     Methods: This is an exploratory research meant to unpack the concepts of "human dignity", "bioethics", "human rights" and "constitution". After describing the conceptual evolution of human dignity and the facts relevant to its conceptual formation in world history - as a normative standard and a legal rule -, we address the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR/1948), the Declaration of Helsinki ...

Interface - Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 2009

O objetivo deste texto é pensar a produção de uma política de humanização do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em suas interferências nas práticas de gestão e produção de saúde. Para tanto desenvolvemos uma discussão sobre o conceito de humanismo, os modos de funcionamento biopolítico das estratégias de poder do capital e os desafios da construção de uma política pública de saúde no contemporâneo que tenha como objetivo a afirmação dos processos de autonomia, inscrevendo outro modo de se produzir humanização do cuidado e da gestão.

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 2010

Background: In Brazil, resolution 196/96 and its amendments regulate the preservation of rights, respect and dignity of human beings involved in research. Objective: To analyze the adequacy of Free Communications (FC) presented during the XVIII Congresso Pernambucano de Cardiologia to resolution 196/96. Methods: During a cross-sectional study, interviews were carried out with the authors of the FC presented at the Congress and the abstracts of the studies were assessed in order to identify the need for previous approval by a Research Ethics Committee (REC). Results: A total of 90 FC were presented and, in most of them (86.8%), medical files were the most commonly used source of data. Only 23.1% of the FC were submitted to the assessment of a REC and 15.4% of them used a Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF). Among the authors whose studies were not assessed by a REC, 65.6% stated that this conduct was not necessary and 18% of them were unaware of the need to submit the study to such assessment. The written authorization given by the institution where the FC were carried out was not obtained in 56.6% of the studies. Most of the authors (80.0%) stated that they had never read Resolution 196/96. The proportion of FC submitted to a REC was significantly higher among authors that had read Resolution 196/96 (p = 0.005). The FC design influenced the non-submission of the studies to a REC (p < 0.001). Most of the FC that were authorized by the institution where they were carried out were submitted to a REC (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Most of the FC presented at the Congress did not follow the Brazilian regulations concerning the ethics in research.

2007

Revista de Filosofia Aurora, 2020

Human enhancement making use of technological incorporations in their biology-Ethical perspective Melhoria humana valendo-se de incorporações tecnológicas em sua biologia-Perspectiva ética

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 2015

Resumo A elaboração de diretrizes para a apreciação ética de pesquisas em ciências humanas e sociais (CHS) se efetiva no campo científico, espaço marcado por disputas voltadas ao estabelecimento do padrão hegemônico de cientificidade. No Brasil, cabe ao Conselho Nacional de Saúde aprovar essas diretrizes, o que envolve certas especificidades. Com base na vivência das autoras no Grupo de Trabalho CHS da Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (GT CHS/CONEP), este manuscrito apresenta o processo de elaboração de uma resolução para CHS e alguns dos seus desafios: a distância entre a garantia legal e a efetivação de diretrizes; a hegemonia biomédica e a posição marginal das CHS no Sistema CEP/CONEP; a inadequação da atual resolução ante as características da pesquisa em CHS; e o emprego do conceito de risco, em diretrizes voltadas a CHS no espaço da saúde. Discutem-se ainda interfaces e tensões no debate entre mérito científico e avaliação ética. A análise evidencia importantes impasses ...

O presente estudo objetiva realizar, na perspectiva da bioética, uma leitura analítica do artigo 11 da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos (DUBDH) da UNESCO, segundo o qual: “Nenhum indivíduo ou grupo deve ser discriminado ou estigmatizado por qualquer razão, o que constitui violação à dignidade humana, aos direitos humanos e às liberdades fundamentais”. Tendo como referência os direitos humanos universais, são discutidos os seguintes conceitos indispensáveis à compreensão dos processos de produção do estigma e da discriminação: identidade, alteridade, diferença e tolerância. O texto procura demonstrar a centralidade do princípio da não discriminação e não estigmatização na agenda bioética contemporânea, ampliando a discussão para além das questões afetas unicamente aos campos da biotecnociência e da saúde, individual ou coletiva. Nesse sentido, traz para reflexão, além de questões do campo biomédico propriamente dito, aspectos de natureza social, indispensáveis n...

International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Science, 2021

Our purpose in this article is to make a prospectivist evaluation of the enhancing medicine regarding the human nature. From this, we are interested by the future of humanity within the project of artificializing human life. In order to achieve our epistemological aim, we have distributed this work into three main parts. The first part is an analysis of medical ethical principles that are presented as the safety belt of human nature. The human being within Hippocratic tradition of medicine has always been treated with certain consideration since he is an absolute value. In all circumstances, physicians were bound to preserve live and protect human dignity. Then, the medical paradigm prevailing was the therapeutic one. In the second part, the concern is to scrutinize the biotechnological revolution mainly the process of genetic engineering. This revolution brought alongside medical practices another version of treating human being. It is the version of higher experimentation and scientific curiosity. Therefore, the practitioners of genetic engineering proceed by a profound intervention in human genome in order, not mainly to cure disease, but to discover what makes life and others human functions be possible. When these are discovered, they can program, design and enhance the future human being. This practice cannot go on without raising ethical questions such as the risk of alteration of human nature. It can also bring in the society the social injustice, giving the fact that those practices are more expensive to be at the level of all the social classes. The most eminent consequence of this social injustice is what we name bioimperialism where the natural human beings will become the slaves of artificial and enhanced human beings. Finally, we will bring a new perspective to contain the risks of enhancing medicine. It is necessary that man must recognize the limits of his power and the effects that the overuse of that power can generate as disasters. However, it is also relevant to notice that, enhancing medicine has already gained public opinion. Accordingly, theorical discourses of bioethicists and philosophical pessimism are not more able to bind the biomedical progress. What is important for bioethicists and humanity as whole, is a habitude of resilience consisting not of rejecting categorically the biomedical practices but to appreciate them according to the good there are able to achieve.

Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 2015

This study investigated the knowledge of students of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences of the State University of Northern Paraná, Campus Luiz Meneghel, on the ethical and legal guidelines of animal experimentation, as well as the possibility of substitute methods for using sentient animals in classes and scientific practices. The research involved 162 freshman students and graduating students, aged 17 to 32 years. The students responded to the questionnaire containing objective and subjective questions, and the answers were analysed by descriptive statistics. It was observed that 87% of the students were unaware of the concept of the “3Rs” and 81.5% did not know the existence of alternative methods that can replace the use of live animals in studies. In addition, only 24.7% of respondents reported they had studied “bioethics” before graduation. However, 94.3% and 96.2% of the students from veterinary medicine and biological sciences, respectively, considered it important ...

International Journal of Morphology

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) employs the best available evidence in a particular time and context to solve specific clinical problems. This method of practicing medicine has been adopted by most of the disciplines involved in medical training; however, morphology appears to remain beyond this paradigm. The first step in evidence-based practice based on morphology is to recognize the types of studies being conducted with regard to morphology, followed by the assessment of the level of evidence that they provide, which is the purpose of this study. We designed a bibliometric study, in which journals in the Master Journal List of Thomson Reuters, selected using the keywords "Morphology" or "Anatomy," available between 2007 and 2008, with access to full text in electronic version, whose languages were English and Spanish, and which only considered studies on human morphology, were included. We analyzed a total of 790 articles, of which 93.1% were descriptive, 6.5% were analytical, and 0.4% were experimental design types. According to the stage of the study, most of the articles (94.8%) accounted for prevalence and differential diagnosis studies, concentrating on numerous designs such cross-section, which gave complex evidence (1c). The use of these methodologies for the systematic morphological knowledge allowed us to widen our research to generate clinically useful recommendations or merely a teaching approach based on the systematic morphological knowledge available.