"Notes on Wooden Models and the 'Gebelein Style'"

1989

MIDDLE KINGDOM BURIAL CUSTOMS.

De Meyer, M., 'An Isolated Middle Kingdom Tomb at Dayr al-Barsha.' in: G. Miniaci and W. Grajetzki (eds.), The World of Middle Kingdom Egypt (2000–1550 BC) II (Middle Kingdom Studies 2: London, 2016), 85–115. Tombs of the Middle Kingdom are well attested at Dayr al-Barsha: the nomarchal tombs high on the north hill are known best, and in addition there is also a cemetery of this time period in the desert plain. During excavations in the area of the Old Kingdom rock tombs of Zone 4, located at a lower level than the Middle Kingdom nomarchal tombs on the north hill, one tomb was found that contained a clear Middle Kingdom inventory. Even though the tomb had been reused and looted, it was nevertheless possible to reconstruct the original set of funerary offerings to a large extent. This paper presents this reconstruction and places it in the context of contemporary tomb inventories at the site. It is shown that this tomb with three large sloping shafts is architecturally unique at the site, and that elite burials took place during the Twelfth Dynasty in an area where they had not been expected up until now.

An introduction to history, research history, artefacts, topography and current research at Gebelein.

The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1986

Ancient Egyptian and Mediterranean Studies in Memory of William A. Ward (Providence, RI: Brown University, 1998)

Adela Oppenheim et al. (eds.), Ancient Egypt Transformed The Middle Kingdom, 2015

Middle Kingdom royal statues frequently exhibit physical evidence that attests to their renewed integration into later contexts within the two millennia of pharaonic culture that followed their creation. Reuse is a pervasive phenomenon in ancient Egypt, and the particular character of any reuse is certainly inflected by both period attitudes and locale— that is, by what is available for a given location. From a modern vantage point, the two are difficult to disentangle. The site of Tanis in the Nile Delta offers something of an exception: an opportunity to take an unusually clear sounding of many of the circumstances around reuse in its region through at least the Third Intermediate Period.

Archaism and Innovation (New Haven and Philadelphia, 2009)

Cattle in ancient Egypt were a measure of wealth and prestige, and as such figured prominently in tomb art, inscriptions, and even literature. Elite titles and roles such as “Overseer of Cattle” were granted to high ranking officials or nobility during the New Kingdom, and large numbers of cattle were collected as tribute throughout the Pharaonic period. The movement of these animals along the Nile, whether for secular or sacred reasons, required the development of specialized vessels. The cattle ferries of ancient Egypt provide a unique opportunity to understand facets of the Egyptian maritime community. A comparison of cattle barges with other Egyptian ship types from these same periods leads to a better understand how these vessels fit into the larger maritime paradigm, and also serves to test the plausibility of aspects such as vessel size and design, composition of crew, and lading strategies. Examples of cargo vessels similar to the cattle barge have been found and excavated, such as ships from Thonis-Heracleion, Ayn Sukhna, Alexandria, and Mersa/Wadi Gawasis. This type of cross analysis allows for the tentative reconstruction of a vessel type which has not been identified previously in the archaeological record. Elements of hull construction have been identified primarily in tomb art and tribute lists,but are supported by the remains from other types of working vessels recovered from archaeological excavations. Unique to some examples of this type of vessel are the deck structures used to contain cattle during transport. Proposals for the configuration and specifications of these deck pens also are developed in this thesis. Cattle boats of the Pharaonic period frequently appear in the reliefs of elite tombs during the Middle and New Kingdom. This vessel’s associations with elite status and wealth, despite the fact that it was a working vessel, provide a unique window through which we can gain new insight on the powerful and long-lived Egyptian civilization.

Millions of Jubilees, Vol. 1 (Fs Silverman)

Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honor of Naguib Kanawati (Cairo: Conseil Suprême des Antiquités de l'Égypte, 2010)