Bulimia Nervosa – a Review

AgiAl Publishing House (http://www.agialpress.com), 2013

The diagnostic consideration of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa has been given much focus over the last two decades than previously, as clinicians have become more aware of the frequency of these disorders and the difficulties associated with their treatment (Brownell andFairburn 1995). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as known in the DSM-IV as eating disorders which are characterized by physically and/or psychologically harmful eating patterns. Although the psychological explanation of what we now call anorexia nervosa have been known about for centuries, it has only recently attracted much interest, due to greater public knowledge and increased incidence (although the latter claim has been disputed) (Gross and MclLveen 2006;Fombonne 1995). Most people suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa start by fasting. Anorexia nervosa is a deliberate self-starvation. A person whose body weight is less than expected for his or her body height and weight is considered to be anorexic. In contract, bulimia involves binge eating a large quantity of food followed by purging by self induced vomiting,enemas, laxatives, or diuretics (Goodenough et al. 2005).

International neuropsychiatric disease journal, 2024

The disease known as bulimia nervosa, which is typified by purging and binge eating, usually starts in adolescence and peaks at the age of 18. The ratio of female to male patients varies from 10:1 to 20:1, with a lifetime frequency of 3 per cent. The majority of bulimic individuals also suffer from other mental illnesses, such as depression or anxiety. Additionally, there is a correlation between substance misuse and promiscuity. Bulimia nervosa was initially identified as a "chronic phase of anorexia nervosa" in 1979 by British psychiatrist Gerald Russell. During this stage, patients overeat and resort to compensatory methods such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, or extended periods of deprivation. For three

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2003

We reviewed the literature on the course and outcome of bulimia nervosa. Longer-term outcome is associated with a considerable degree of relapse and chronification. Diagnostic crossover to anorexia nervosa and binge eating disorder is low. Mortality in bulimia nervosa is considerably lower than in anorexia nervosa. Social adjustment and sexuality apparently normalizes in quite a few bulimic women over the course of time. A large group of bulimic pa-tients, however, chronifies and suffers from severe bulimic symptoms and social and sexual impairment.

Progress in Health Sciences, 2020

Introduction: Anorexia nervosa is a food intake disorder characterized by acute weight loss that it could cause severe psychosomatic problems. Purpose: To present the data and information as well as the treatment related to Anorexia nervosa. Materials and methods: The study material consisted of reviewed articles on the topic found in Greek and globally accepted electronic databases, Pubmed, Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, regarding the effects of Anorexia nervosa on health and its treatment. Results: Initial symptoms of Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa may be characterised by bodyrelated negative interpretation bias, distorted body image and pronounced body dissatisfaction. Anorexic patients refuse to eat with their family or in public places. They lose weight by drastically reducing their total food intake, with a disproportionate reduction in the amount of meals containing carbohydrates and fats. The term Anorexia is unfortunate, because a decrease in appetite does not occur...

International Journal of Advanced Research, 2020

Purpose: The study examines the prevalence of Bulimia nervosa in students at King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia.Bulimia nervosaisan eating disorder characterized by consumption of large amounts of food by an individual followed by an attempt such as self-induced vomiting, long periods of exercising, and diuretics to avoid gaining weight. Patients and Method: The study adopted a cross-sectional survey among King Abdulaziz University students in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 499 comprising 357 females and 142 males was randomly selectedparticipants—the age of the sample population aged between 20 to over 55 years. The participants filled questionnaires about eating behavior, smoking, body image, and psychiatrist disorders. The height and weight of the sample population were taken, and their BMI was established. Results: Based on our statistics, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa among the male was 0.3%, and that of the female was 1.4%. ...

Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 2010

hospitalized or who received tertiary-level care and were followed up at least four years after the onset of illness indicates that "good" outcomes occurred in 44% of the patients and approximately 5% of the patients died. [3] In case of BN, the overall short term success rate for patients receiving psychosocial treatment or medication has been reported to be 50-70%. [4] Relapse rates of 30-85% have been reported for successfully treated patients at six months to six years of follow-up. [6,7] Although widely described in Western literature, anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders are rare in nonwestern cultures. In India, the information regarding these disorders is very limited. [8] Indian patients chiefly present with refusal to eat, persistent vomiting, marked weight loss, amenorrhea and other somatic symptoms, but do not show over activity or disturbances in body image seen characteristically in anorexia nervosa. [9] Mortality rates in eating disorders, specifically anorexia nervosa, are among the highest in the mental disorders. [3,7,10] The scenario does not appear to have improved during the 20th century despite the plethora of options available to the psychiatrists as very few patients utilize the healthcare facilities. [11] Thus it becomes prudent to review the management of eating disorder to have a better understanding of this puzzling topic. For this purpose the wealth of evidence has been subdivided under two broad categories namelyanorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Cambridge University Press eBooks, 2017

The natural course of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge eating disorder in young women Fairburn CG, et al. Arch Gen Psych. 2000;57:659-665 Background: In 1979, Russell described bulimia nervosa, "an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa" (Russell 1979). Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by binge eating and recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (i.e. self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics). Binge eating disorder (BED) is a new diagnostic concept that has provisional status in the DSM-IV. It is characterized by binge eating without inappropriate compensatory behavior. However, most patients seen clinically do not meet criteria for a specific eating disorder and are classified as eating disorder, not otherwise specified (ED NOS). Fundamental questions remain: 1) how many eating disorders are there; 2) to what extent are the categories overlapping or distinct; and 3) what is their course over time? Bulik and colleagues addressed these questions in a large population based twin study (Bulik 2000). Their results supported the three DSM-IV categories (i.e. AN, BN, BED) and divided ED NOS into three more less distinct classes. The authors speculate that these three additional classes may represent those individuals at risk for developing the specific eating disorders. Fairburn and colleagues addressed the third question of natural course for BN and BED. In a similar study Keel and colleagues examined long-term outcome of BN. Aim: To describe the relative course and outcomes of bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder in a community-based cohort. Methods: Two cohorts were studied prospectively over 5 years, one cohort of women with BN and the other of women with BED. Of the BN cohort 92/102 (90%) and 40/48 (83%) of the BED cohort participated in the interview at final follow-up. The participants were between 16 and 35 years old. The assessments were conducted at 15-month intervals.

Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 2009

SummaryBinge eating occurs across the entire range of eating disorders. It is required for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa but it is also seen in some cases of anorexia nervosa and in many cases of eating disorder not otherwise specified (usually referred to as eating disorder NOS or atypical eating disorder). This article focuses on the management of those eating disorders in which binge eating is a prominent feature.

Eating and weight disorders : EWD, 2005

To further investigate the differentiation between non-purging bulimia nervosa (BN-NP) and binge eating disorder (BED), particularly as concerns weight-shape overconcern affecting self-esteem, a core belief to both anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Twenty-five female subjects with BN-NP and 25 female subjects with BED, consecutively referred to the Eating Disorder Unit of the DPPhNB, were administered the BEDCI, the EDI-2 and the BUT. BED patients had a higher BMI (35.5 vs. 23.8 kg/m2, p<0.0001) and were slightly older than BN-NP ones. Weight-shape concerns as one of the main/the most important things influencing self-esteem were reported by 68% of BN-NP patients and 62.5% of BED ones. Age at onset of binge-eating, weight-cycling, overall impairment due to the eating behavior, sexual harassment, depressive and substance abuse comorbidity were equally represented in the two groups of patients. BN-NP patients scored higher than BED ones as regards EDI drive for thinness (p<0.05) and...

2015

Eating disorders are life-threatening conditions that are challenging to address; however, the primary care setting provides an important opportunity for critical medical and psychosocial intervention. The recently published Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed., includes updated diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (e.g., elimination of amenorrhea as a diagnostic criterion) and for bulimia nervosa (e.g., criterion for frequency of binge episodes decreased to an average of once per week). In addition to the role of environmental triggers and societal expectations of body size and shape, research has suggested that genes and discrete biochemical signals contribute to the development of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur most often in adolescent females and are often accompanied by depression and other comorbid psychiatric disorders. For low-weight patients with anorexia nervosa, virtually all physiologic systems are affected, ran...