TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary

2009

Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları eBooks, 2022

Technology is considered to be one of the core building blocks in solving the problem of climate change. Current studies on climate change demonstrate the increasing importance of scientific and technological trends that will shape the future of the world. Energy system technologies, in particular, are of great importance as they lie at the very heart of the climate change problem. On the other hand, to achieve the net-zero emission targets announced by many countries, including our country, it is necessary to ensure the dissemination of existing clean technologies, develop and introduce new technologies to the market and provide technical and financial support to developing countries to reduce emissions. Delaying the dissemination of these technologies will cause economies to continue their carbonintensive growth paths despite the climate crisis. This situation will make it difficult to achieve emission reduction targets over time. Accelerating R&D and investment activities in clean technology right after Türkiye became a party to the Paris Agreement and announced its net-zero emission target emerges as a economic and environmental priorities. Times of crisis are also times of opportunity. Climate change, which has been defined as a crisis recently, is critical not only for the development of clean technologies but also for a radical change in production and consumption processes. In this context, risks and opportunities related to the climate crisis should be addressed in a holistic way and the process should adopt a win-win approach with effective and inclusive policies. It is necessary to move beyond the existing policies on low-carbon technologies in order to minimize the impact of green transition in our country and use the process as an opportunity. Such technologies should be supported under all subheadings and throughout the entire technology cycle, and in order to do this, effective mechanisms including financial ones, should be created and activities with concrete indicators in line with designated targets should be carried. In this context, the very first step to take is to set a technology roadmap regarding the transition that will take place within the framework of the 2053 net-zero emission vision. In addition, it is essential to improve national and international cooperation on technology. The participation of the private sector in R&D efforts and improve the public-university-private sector cooperation in these areas should be increased. Lastly, it is of utmost importance that international financing is mobilised in a stronger way for the dissemination of technology efforts. Türkiye has made significant advances in technology in the green transition process, which is seen as a solution to the climate change problem. It is needed to identify the related strategies and policies required by these change with all institutions. The development and dissemination of these technologies will provide an opportunity not only for the fight against climate change but also green transition of our country.

2009

Alternative Fuel Vehicles and Advanced Technology Vehicles use both petroleum and nonpetroleum based fuels (or mixtures) or fuel-cell technologies. Biomass uses plant materials, animal fats and wastes, or woody construction debris to produce energy. Biorefineries produce a broad slate of products from plant materials and/or animal fats. Biodiesel is an increasingly important subgroup of this technology. Biodiesel is produced by chemically altering plant oils (e.g., soybean oil) and/or animal fats into diesel fuel substitutes. The term generally refers ONLY to diesel substitutes produced from vegetable oils and/or animal fats. However, we do include other bio-derivatives including those produced as refinery products, such as certain higher alcohols and alkanes. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the capture and long term storage of carbon dioxide emissions from combustion processes. Cogeneration, or combined heat and power (CHP), is the simultaneous production of both electricity and thermal energy (steam, hot water, hot air). Ethanol is currently produced by the fermentation of various sugars, primarily from corn and sugar cane. Sugar cane is not a significant source in the North American market. Technologies to produce ethanol from cellulose are in the development stage. Gasification is a thermal process for converting solid materials (e.g. biomass, coal or petroleum coke) into a synthetic gas. The gas may be used directly, or converted to hydrogen or liquid fuels. Gas Flaring occurs when crude oil is extracted from the earth and natural gas associated with the oil is produced to the surface as well. In areas of the world lacking infrastructure and markets, this associated gas is usually flared (burned) or sometimes vented (emitted as un-burnt gas). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been super-cooled to a liquid for transport. This dramatically reduces the volume for cost-effective transport over longer distances. Landfill gas (LFG) is methane that is produced anaerobically in landfills from the decomposition of waste material. SF6 is sulfur hexafluoride. It is used in the electrical industry as a dielectric and within the magnesium production industry. It is a potent greenhouse gas. Fluorocarbons are various chemicals used as either refrigerants or industrial cleaning agents. Several of them are potent greenhouse gasses, while others can deplete ozone. Industry continues to develop substitutes for those fluorocarbons. Nitrous Oxides (N 2 O) are produced by both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Primary anthropogenic sources of N 2 O are agricultural practices related to the use of fertilizer. Nitrous oxide is also produced naturally from a wide variety of biological sources in soil and water, particularly microbial action in wet tropical forests. In agriculture, it can be reduced through improved farming practices, such as low-tillage. A Disruptive Technology is a new technological innovation, product, or service that overturns the existing dominant technology in the market, despite the fact that the disruptive technology is radically different from the leading technology and requires fundamental infrastructure and support changes.

Advanced technologies, 2022

There is a growing interest in the world for environmental protection, climate change mitigation, energy security, and sustainability of production and energy capacities of innovative renewable energy sources Increasing industrial activity has caused air pollution due to projected particles of pollutants. There are global concerns about the increased CO 2 emissions and risks to human health and sustainable development. The paper aims to apply technologies that reduce the use of fossil fuels and CO 2 emissions as much as possible. Green environmental technology is relevant worldwide because it contributes to the decarbonization and development of new technologies in the energy sector and enterprises. The purpose of the paper is to point out to decision-makers an innovative approach to the use of new technologies, which would indicate the future directions of green sustainable development. By applying different methods in the paper, it is concluded that all countries have to introduce modern technologies and innovative energy development, not only improve the quality of life of all citizens of Serbia but also of all inhabitants of the planet.

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 2017

Nowadays, when the energy, industry and transport sectors are adapting to climate change and need to reduce their environmental impact, it is vital that the optimal solutions are found for individual countries and their different circumstances. Territories, which have a hydrocarbon deficit, should use non-conventional energy sources while the countries with substantial resources of hydrocarbons should be focused on the strategy of raising the energy efficiency, i.e. to reduce the specific consumption of fuel consumed. The paper discusses these scenarios and describes some innovative technologies for both cases. Energy production from biomass is encouraged in some European countries by the granting of generous economic subsidies so that renewable energy plants, such as anaerobic digestion plants that produce biogas for use in internal combustion engines, in particular, are receiving much funding. An alternative technology for biogas valorisation could be that of biomethane (so called green gas) production through biogas purification and upgrading processes to remove CO 2 , H 2 S and water vapour. Different technologies have been proposed to remove CO 2 from gas streams, such as physical absorption, absorption by chemical solvents, cryogenic and membrane separation and CO 2 fixation by chemical or biological methods. Production of biomethane and its introduction into the natural gas grid or its use as a fuel for vehicles could increase the energy efficiency and reduce specific emissions (combined cycle gas turbines, district heating of CHP units, methane powered vehicles). A simple and low-cost method of improving energy efficiency and environmental safety of transport by introducing into hydrocarbon fuels micro doses of a universal multifunctional additive is proposed. The method will make a significant contribution towards solving the problems of adapting to global climate change and improving the environment. It is capable of reducing specific fuel consumption by up to 12% and the requirements for a gasoline octane number by 10 points. It significantly reduces emission levels of greenhouse gases and toxic substances and provides complex improvement of the properties of fuels and the condition of engines.

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2002

The Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) expressly commits the Annex I countries to provide financial resources and technology to developing countries so as to control, reduce, or prevent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present paper argues that the ultimate goal of any action in the field of transfer of technology (TT) should not be only just to apply particular technological solutions to the GHG problem but to enhance the capabilities of developing countries to assess the need, select, import, assimilate, adapt, and develop the appropriate technologies. The paper also looks into the various dimensions of TT that results in capacity building in developing countries. Using case studies of two GHG-reducing technologies, one from the demand side [compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)] and the other from the supply side [photovoltaic (PV) cell], the paper tries to find out whether TT has been adequate in significant capacity building. The case studies show that the technology absorption is still incomplete. High up-front costs and lack of awareness (information) has resulted in significant underutilization of capacities, thus acting as major barriers in their diffusion. The paper also looks into the various marketand government-related barriers forestalling the diffusion of various GHG-reducing technologies.

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019

Low carbon technologies (LCTs) have been widely developed in recent years. However, the classification of LCTs varies across academic studies, business insights, governmental directives and reports from institutions worldwide, and depends on the disciplines. A lack of common knowledge makes it difficult to coordinate and enhance interdisciplinary dialog and multi-level cooperation among scholars, governments, enterprises, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This review fills this gap by providing a straightforward classification with analysis on the market potential and opportunities on LCTs. Six categories of LCTs are classified based on two dimensions, which are the emission reduction potential and the technology usage purpose. We further identify the investment strategy for each type of LCT by sectors and stakeholders. Strong signals from the government are necessary to promote the development of LCT via regulation and policy, as it provides an economic incentive for firms to invest properly in LCT market. In addition, we find civil society can act properly as a middleman for multi-level regulations, and boost cooperation at international level across countries.

Sustainable Futures, 2023

One of the fundamental problems in modern economies is fossil-fuel pollution having detrimental effects on climate, environment and human population. The goal of this study is to identify and analyze new trajectories of technologies that can support energy and economic transition of countries for a sustainable development that reduces environmental pollution and some factors determining climate change. Results reveal that technologies with promising perspectives of growth inducing ecological transition are: offshore wind turbines and carbon capture storage and utilization (especially, electrochemical conversion and bioconversion of CO 2), sustainable production of ammonia with innovations that reduce energy consumption, and finally cellular agriculture (cellculturing technologies that produce substitutes for animal-based foods and bio-based materials with lower negative environmental impacts than conventional agriculture). These findings here suggest critical technological directions that support environmental sustainability and can guide decisions of policymakers towards R&D investments in technologies driving the transition from fossil-based systems of energy to renewable energy oriented systems in order to reduce fossil-fuel pollution and foster the outlooks of sustainable development.