The Avian Influenza
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Abstract
We conducted a logical review to investigate avian influenza outbreaks and to explore their distribution, upon avian influenza subtypes, country, history, avian species and other relating details. Avian flu caused by type A virus (H5N1) which is especially deadly strain of bird flu. Majority of infection in man caused by Asian lineage H5N1& H7N9 viruses. This infectious disease has often occurred after interaction with birds or their ooze. Symptoms of bird flu virus in people range from normal flu to sever fatal respiratory disease. Audenz provides active immunization to prevent disease caused by H5N1 [1].
Key takeaways
- Avian influenza, bird flu is an infectious disease caused by type A virus (H5N1).
- Avian influenza was basically originated from bird's especially wild birds and its first case was detected in
- Prime-boost vaccination with a fowl pox vector and an inactivated avian influenza was highly immunogenic in pekin ducks (scholar google).
- Immunity of avian influenza vaccine in chickens was enhanced by salmonella flagellin (scholar google).
- We are not certain about when next influenza will emerge.
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The world is now under human pandemic threat by avian influenza viruses. As the human, animal and the environment interact closely from the dawn of the civilization, human health is tremendously influenced by animal health and their health issues. In last few centuries the world has suffered a number of influenza pandemics killing millions of people such as Spanish Flu (1918), Asiatic or Russian Flu (1889-1890), Asian Flu (1957-1958) etc. The exceptional capability of genetic mutation of the influenza viruses offered threats to the whole world time to time. Like all other countries Bangladesh also not away from the heat of the situation. Human cases of avian influenza subtype H1N1, H3, H5N1, and H9N2 have already been reported from Bangladesh. This article reviews the information available on pandemic potential of avian influenza viruses. The article also sheds light on different avian influenza viruses along with some emphasis on clinical and preventive aspects of the avian influen...
Avian influenza: Global assessment of potential pandemic of the twenty first century
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The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of Asian lineage and the subsequent spillover to other part of the globe and on going spread of Eurasian-Africa H5N1 epidemic into domestic, wild birds and human have generated unprecedented attention in recent times and threat of potential pandemic via the avian-human link. Historically, from 1878 through 1955, fowl plaque was described as a high mortality disease of poultry in many countries throughout Europe, Asia, North and South America and Africa and the etiology was proved to be a filterable virus. In the 1930s through the 1950s, fowl plaque disappeared as an endemic disease in most part of the world. In 1949, the first report of a low virulent disease in chickens caused by LPAI virus was reported. In 1955, the etiological of fowl plaque was determined to be influenza A virus, which subsequently was identified as the H7 subtype. In 1959, a "fowl plaque-like" outbreak was described in chickens, which was the first report of fowl plaque caused by a non-H7 AI virus, i.e. first fowl plaque outbreak from H5 subtype of AI virus. In 1961 the first wild birds infection and deaths were reported in common terns of South Africa. In 1966 and 1971, the first H5 and H7 LPAI viruses, respectively were identified; prior to this period, only HPAI viruses had H5 and H7 subtypes. In 1970, the AGID serological test was introduced, which allowed easy and rapid identification of AI virus-infected poultry flocks. In 1972, there was the first isolation of LPAI viruses in asymptomatic wild birds: ducks in the United State and shorebirds in Australia. In 1981, the term "highly pathogenic avian influenza" was accepted as standard nomenclature for fowl plaque and related synonyms. In 1983, LPAI virus was observed mutating to HPAI virus during LPAI field outbreak, and specific genomic changes were identified in the proteolytic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin responsible for the virulence change. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, molecular criteria were added to the definition for classifying an AI virus as HPAI. In 2002, there were the first reported infections and deaths in a wide variety of wild bird species from AI virus H5N1 HPAI virus. The primary goal of this review is to highlight the global situation of HPAI and provide baseline information to show the potential pandemic nature of the virus, so that control and prevention strategies can be improved.
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The current epidemic of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Southeast Asia raises serious concerns that genetic reassortment will result in the next influenza pandemic. There have been 164 confirmed cases of human infection with avian influenza since 1996. In 2004, there were 45 cases of human H5N1 in Vietnam and Thailand, with a mortality rate more than 70%. In addition to the potential public health hazard, the current zoonotic epidemic has caused severe economic losses. Efforts must be concentrated on early detection of bird outbreaks with aggressive culling, quarantining, and disinfection. To prepare for and prevent an increase in human cases, it is essential to improve detection methods and stockpile effective antivirals. Novel therapeutic modalities, including short-interfering RNAs and new vaccine strategies that use plasmid-based genetic systems, offer promise should a pandemic occur.
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza A subtype H5N8
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 outbreaks in poultry farms have been reported in Asia and Europe since January and November 2014, respectively. The entry of HPAI H5N8 into Europe and its subsequent spread within Europe are two separate events with possibly different transmission vectors. Following epidemiological investigations of infected poultry holdings, there is not yet a clear indication of the source of the virus. There are no known direct bird migration routes from Asia to western Europe. It has been hypothesised that long-distance transmission of HPAI viruses could occur as a result of cross-infection between different birds in north Eurasian breeding areas, but this hypothesis needs further investigation. HPAI H5N8 has been detected in wild bird populations in Germany and the Netherlands. Direct contact between wild birds and farmed birds in the affected holdings was unlikely. It is more plausible that indirect introduction of HPAI H5N8 to poultry holdings via humans, vehicles, equipment, fomites, live animals and/or animal-derived products contaminated with virus (for instance in faeces) of infected birds took place. Investigations in the Netherlands suggest separate introductions into four holdings and one between-farm transmission. Assessing biosecurity procedures is recommended with a focus on segregation, cleaning and disinfection, and improving where necessary. Given the apparent low pathogenicity of HPAI H5N8 for several wild bird species, focused strategic and proportionate enhancement of active and passive surveillance of living and dead wild birds in the high risk areas would improve the understanding of the risk of virus transmission to poultry. It might also facilitate the design of targeted measures to reduce the risk of virus transmission between poultry and wild birds. Timely updated analyses on the evolving situation within the European Union are required, as well as assessment of all transmission routes that might transport HPAI viruses from Asia to Europe.
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Avian flu — A bird's eye view
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Influenza A (H5N1) virus infects a variety of animals, birds and humans. Present ongoing epidemic of this deadly virus in poultry livestock and humans has had major economic and health repercussions. It causes a wide spectrum of clinical features in human beings ranging from mild respiratory tract infection to a fatal pneumonia leading to multi organ system failure. Diagnosis is mainly clinical, aided by lab features like lymphopaenia and non-specific chest X-ray findings. Diagnostic tests are being evolved for rapid and specific diagnosis. Management is mainly symptomatic. Newer and effective antivirals, i.e. amantadine, zanamivir etc are also being tried.
Emerging Infectious Disease (1): Avian Influenza
2005
Avian influenza is one of the two terrible virus infections, and the other one is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in early 21 th century. Studies showed most avian influenza infections of human were directed invaded by the virus (most H5N1 Strain) from poultry but some case reports suspected the possibility of human-to-human transmission. The most frightening possibility is the reassortment of the high pathologic avian influenza with common human influenza virus. If this occurred, a new virus pandemic, like Spanish flu, may come and cause millions of people die. The most important effort is to halt further spread of epidemics in poultry population. Culling the infected and suspected infected poultry widely is needed. It is also essential to have good hand hygiene, have adequate general precaution and educate people to decrease the opportunity for exposure to poultry or their droppings. Health worker have to wear enough precaution in the hospital. The scientists must do their best to develop vaccine against avian influenza as soon as possible.(Ann Disaster
Prologue: Avian Influenza - An Overview from Endemic to Pandemic
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One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak. Keywords: avian influenza, disease, human health, poultry, virus.
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