Pak Iran Gas Pipeline

2018

There must be few other situations where there are eager purchasers of natural gas (India and Pakistan), willing suppliers of natural gas (Turkmenistan, Iran, Qatar and Oman), and yet, no pipeline. The distances involved are modest, and techno-economic viability appears straightforward. This paper examines in detail the policy, technology, and economics of an overland pipeline supplying natural gas to Pakistan and India. Such a pipeline would be shared by both countries, and would represent a unique opportunity for cooperation.† As pipelines exhibit significant economies of scale, a shared pipeline would offer the lowest price natural gas for both countries. Pakistani consumers would obtain cheaper gas than from a lower capacity pipeline for their exclusive use, also benefiting from transit fees paid by Indian consumers. An alternative to land-based pipelines through Pakistan for India would be liquefied natural gas, which is more expensive due to the capital-intensive nature of the...

Iran's nuclear deal with the P5+1 state have encouraged many countries including Pakistan to have economic ties with Iran, even though the environment is still very challenging. On the same grounds the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline has been reinvigorated to answer the ever growing energy need of Pakistan as well as to boost bilateral trade relations. India and Pakistan are in dire need of resources for energy consumption in agriculture, manufacturing, industry and domestic use, IPI can become an economic engine to boost up the growth and led the South and East Asia towards the course of development. In the presence of already constructed portion of the pipeline, in Iran, would be a resource loss if Pakistan and India follow the U.S. and Saudi-Arabia instructions. But still there is a need to focus on a few questions that need to be answered. For instance, considering Pak-India rivalry, is it really a viable option when India is also part of the project? How will Pakistan provide security to the pipeline in the presence of cross border tension and the anti-nationalist sentiments provoked by India in the Baluch region?

The Iran-Pakistan Gas Pipeline project, once envisioned as "Peace Pipeline" has become "strategic gamble" due to political and economic uncertainties. This research explore the deep insights into challenges, Opportunities and foreign policy implications surrounding the project. The key challenges revolve around geopolitical tension in the region, due to economic issues, sanctions imposed by the USA on Iran, and security concerns in terror-prone areas. While, the pipeline project presents promising opportunities such as strengthening regional cooperation, mitigating energy shortages, and boosting economic progress. The research use mix method approach, primarily focus on qualitative analysis. The analysis reveal how US sanctions and regional instability have effect the project progress, while also highlights the potential benefits of energy security and regional cooperation for both Iran and Pakistan. Ultimately the research concludes that the Pipelines future depends on Pakistan's ability to navigate the complex geopolitical dynamics, with the potential to become either bridge or barrier to regional peace.

Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2018

Natural gas is the world's fastest growing and widely used fossil fuel which can be targeted for transitioning to a low-carbon future. Pakistan was ranked at seventh position among the utmost harmfully affected countries by climate change. It is, therefore, important to develop an effective energy policy toward the reduction of greenhouse gases in the country. This study evaluates the Pakistan's natural gas industry development by reviewing reserves, production, consumption, infrastructures, and natural gas agreements in place. The total proven natural gas reserve of Pakistan is estimated to be 0.5 Tcm by the end of 2016. There are many active fields in Pakistan among which Sui gas reservoir is the largest. Currently, Pakistan's natural gas industry is well matured with average size reserves, production capacity, and advanced and organized infrastructure for transmission and distribution network. Therefore, natural gas can be used to feed different sectors of the country, to decrease the financial burden of importing oil, and to reduce CO 2 emissions. However, increasing the gap of demand-supply for natural gas in the future, declining the average gas reserves, and postponing the gas import may challenge the natural gas industry, climate, and performance of Pakistan's economy. Thus, these concerns must be addressed to help the natural gas industry for an easy transition to a low-carbon future.

2007

Over the last four decades world economy has experienced several wide swings in energy prices. These swings have very serious repercussions for countries of Asian, in general, and South Asian regions, in particular; the latter having tremendous economic potential. Rapidly growing economies like India, China and Pakistan will face serious energy crisis if they do not plan well for future needs. Energy is one of the most critical inputs to several variety of production function. And we have very limited ability to replace it by other means in the short run, without having serious setback to our GDP.

Operational Research in Engineering Sciences: Theory and Applications, 2021

Pakistan is working on two pipeline projects, namely, Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) and Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipelines, to meet its energy supply-demand gap. This study's aims to compare these two projects and identify the most suitable option for Pakistan. Furthermore, as the TAPI project is progressing faster than the IPI project, this study also aims to identify the critical activities associated with TAPI projects. Finally, a model is proposed to optimize the material and transportation costs related to the TAPI project. The study's contribution by using fuzzy set theory-based multi-criteria decision-making (Fuzzy MCDM) to compare two projects along with usage of the Fuzzy Critical Path Method (FCPM) for the identification of critical activities associated with the TAPI project. Finally, the Genetic Algorithm is applied to optimize the material and transportation costs of the TAPI project. The results show that IPI has advantages over TAPI in te...

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2023

Collaborations established within the framework of energy can directly affect regional policies. TAPI Natural Gas Pipeline Project, which was created to transport Turkmenistan gas to South Asia via Afghanistan, was shaped in line with the economic and security expectations of the regional states. The maintenance of the TAPI project is fundamentally based on the stability of the economy and security. Since Afghanistan's security problems negatively affect the economic interests of the parties, this problem is no longer just Afghanistan's issue. This article, which uses a broader understanding of the concept of energy diplomacy, energy infrastructure, such as the TAPI project beyond the member states of interdependence can be used to promote discusses how increasing the number of stakeholders.

2016

Turkmenistan, which has the fourth largest natural gas reserves in the world, is opening up to new countries in a quest for more gas exports. Since Russia first reduced and later halted altogether its gas imports from Turkmenistan, China has become the main destination for Turkmen exports, and these are likely to increase further when the fourth line of the Central Asia-China Pipeline becomes operational. Turkmenistan is also spearheading the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) pipeline project, a key step towards export diversification and also regional integration. After long years of inaction, the ground-breaking ceremony for the TAPI gas pipeline took place on 13 December 2015. TAPI is expected to be in operation by December 2019 and to cost around US$10 billion. The pipeline will run across Herat and Kandahar in war-torn Afghanistan, and Quetta and Multan in Pakistan, before reaching India. With the pipeline transiting restive areas that are not fully under government control, security risks threaten the viability of the project. However, according to its supporters, the project's potential benefits outweigh the concerns. The pipeline offers a win-win scenario for all participating states: Turkmenistan will diversify its exports – a particularly pressing issue given Gazprom's decision to halt gas imports from Turkmenistan and the country's increasing export dependence on China; Afghanistan will benefit from increased investment and employment, as well as from transit fees; and India and Pakistan will benefit from a new supply route enabling them to meet growing demand for energy. At regional level, TAPI will bring greater integration, both economic and political. The pipeline also fits in with the EU's strategic objective of stability and security for Central Asia.

Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in spite of the fact that nature has blessed her with huge energy potential. Short fall of electricity supply in the country is increasing and has been recorded up to 4522 MW in 2010. This deficit reached to 7000 MW in May, 2011. A comprehensive review of Pakistan's energy sector is presented in this paper. Energy potential, major issues of energy sector and energy import options are discussed. Issues like poor management, combined cycle capacity, low hydro power share, circular debt and energy security have been covered. Energy potential assessment includes hydro solar, wind, coal, nuclear, hydrogen cells, geo-thermal, ocean resources and bio mass. Future prediction calculations are based upon country's current and world's average per capita energy consumption. Current oil and gas reserves of the country contribute to only 5 percent and 48.8 percent of the energy mix and at the current rate will be exhausted by 13 and 16 years respectively. The overwhelming dependence of the energy sector on imported fossil fuels may create a situation of energy security threat. However dependence upon the energy import options cannot be avoided in order to lessen the severity of energy crisis in near future. Some of the energy import options are: Turkmanistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India (TAPI); Iran, Pakistan and India (IPI) gas pipelines; Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) from Qatar etc. On the other hand exploitation of vast renewable potential like hydro, solar and wind requires serious attention. Exploitation of indigenous coal resources would also be a key for solving energy crisis in the long run. In summary, this paper presents energy potential assessment in context of major issues, future predictions and impact of energy import options. This in turn provides a big, clear and brighter picture of the country's energy sector.

Energy has been one of the key requirements for mankind since its creation. Increase in population and race of modernization have increased the per capita energy requirement. The most commonly used energy sources are electricity, oil, natural gas and coal. Nature has blessed Pakistan with abundant energy sources, however the country is characterized with very low per capita energy consumption and severe energy crisis. Shortfall of electricity is increasing day by day and recorded up to 4500 MW in 2010. In 2011, this deficit reached to 7000 MW. On the other hand, the shortage of natural gas kept on increasing and reached to 2000 Million Cubic Feet per Day (MMCFD) in 2014. Government of Pakistan is taking serious measures to mitigate the shortage, however, meeting the growing energy demand in near future seems nearly impossible. To overcome the shortfall, Pakistan has to import energy from its neighboring countries. In this work, a comparative review of energy import options for Pakistan in context of recent developments in energy sector has been presented. Energy import options include the projects like IPI, TAPI, CASA-1000, GUSA and LNG from Qatar etc.