The morphology of selected Cebuano verbs: A case analysis

Academia Letters, 2022

This paper argues that focus, transitivity, and temporality cannot be analyzed separately from modality. Take for example in Cebuano, (1) Gikasuk-an nako siya. ‘I scolded him’. (2) Nasuko ko (ka)niya. ‘I became angry at him.’ These two sentences have been traditionally analyzed as both in the perfective aspect but exhibiting different focuses. Sentence (1) has been interpreted as either passive or containing a referential focus. Meanwhile, sentence (2) has been held to be active. This tradition, however, glosses over many layers of meaning pertaining to modality. In our view, sentence (1) is a transitive construction in which the referent siya is fully affected by the action indicated by the verb. On the other hand, sentence (2) is an intransitive construction that expresses partial affectedness of the third person (ka) niya. Other features of modality that have not been discussed in earlier studies are the contrast between deliberate versus non- deliberate, effortless versus effortful, stative versus active, punctual versus durative, particular versus general action, internal versus external action, exclusivity versus non-exclusivity. Data was gathered from reference grammars of Cebuano, Ilokano, and Tagalog with field interviews with native speakers.

1974

Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Takdegan nan in-ina nan agdan (sta nd-Rf nontopic-subject woman topic stairs) 'the woman stands on the stairs '. 1.2 MOTION verbs assert that the Agent move s. With these verbs the Agent is viewed as moving along a traj ectory. Gieser (1972) describes how these motion verbs are used to establish setting. The case frame for this class, besides Agent , includes Range and Goal : someone moves somewhere on something. Range matches the grammatical obj ect and Goal the oblique in the surface structure. Some members of this class are layaw 'run away ', saa 'return home ', lokso 'work in the fie Zds ', tikid 'aZimb up ', layog 'desaend ', tagtag 'run ', tayaw 'fZy '. Lomayog nan baba lo isnan dap-ay (Sf-desaend topic young-man nontopic men ' s-house) 'the young man desaends to the men 's house '. Layogen nan baba lo nan pay tokan (desaend-Of nontopic-sub ject young-man topic stone-steps) 'the young man desaends the stone steps '.

2004

This paper is a brief statement of the typological characteristics of the syntactic structures of Philippine languages. It utilizes a lexicalist theoretical framework to provide comparability among the examples cited. The word order of both verbal and non-verbal predicational sentences is examined, with pronominal and nonpronominal complements, topicalization, and auxiliary verbs. Philippine languages are analyzed as morphologically ergative.

2024

Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) is a standardised variety of Malay. The language has two suffixes, -i and -kan, which can attach to verbs and function as applicative morphology: in each case, the suffix causes the argument array of the verb to be modified and it is the non-subject arguments which are affected. Both suffixes also have other functions; in one case the suffix is extensively used also as a causative morpheme. Indonesian has some features of a symmetrical voice system, and undergoer subject constructions are more common than passives in English, for example. Applicative constructions interact with the voice system; in particular, in some cases the applicative possibility is preferred in undergoer voice. For one suffix (-kan), it is not uncommon for the morpheme to appear but for the preposition introducing what would be expected to be an applied argument to be retained. In light of these various complications, we suggest that applicatives in Indonesian are best understood as constructions with characteristics, some more prototypical than others, which can be manipulated to accommodate syntactic and pragmatic factors.

This study aims to contrast the verbs affixation between Batak Toba and Indonesia language to find more clearly the similarities and differences between the two languages. The problem studied is the verb affixation between Batak Toba and Indonesia language. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, using observation and notetaking techniques. The method in this study uses advanced techniques in the form of notetaking techniques. The note-taking technique is used as a data collection technique. The note-taking technique involves using written language to note several forms relevant to research. This research used written data from books and various sources discussing Batak Toba's grammar.

This paper investigates the sentence features of Sebuanong Binisaya, one of more than a dozen dialects coming from the ancestor language, Cebuano of Austronesian language which has been spoken since the Proto-Austronesian era. This is a lingua franca of the most parts of Mindanao which constitutes the largest native language-speaking population in the Philippines until about 1980s. The Sebuano Binisaya is spoken by Dapitanons. This paper proves that Sebuanong Binisaya poses the same situation. This will be explained employing the verbal system of PAN, the system of topic and focus. Like what Kroeger found out in his investigation from Kimaragang and Blaan languages, Sebuanong Binisaya lacks the verb phrase, no subject instead it has focus. Moreover, this paper concludes that Sebuanong Binisaya does not have an auxiliary or linking verb such as to be in English.

Proceedings of the Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature, and Local Culture Studies, BASA, 20-21 September 2019, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia, 2020

Indonesian qualitative adverb, sangat 'very', tend to be used as parameter to distinguish verbs and adjectives. If a word is modified by sangat and form grammatical phrase, the word is likely an adjective, e.g. sangat cantik 'very beautiful'. Otherwise, the word is a verb if it forms ungrammatical phrase with sangat, e.g. sangat menari 'very dance' which is not accepted in Indonesian language. Qualitative adverb or adverb of degree also is considered as property of adjective to distinguish it with other lexical category. In reality, sangat is found modified verbs as well, not only adjective. Some verbs accept modification with sangat, e.g. sangat mencintai 'very love (lit.)', sangat ingat 'very remember (lit.)', sangat berpengaruh 'very influence (lit.)', and so on. According to this fact, this research aims to investigate which type of verb that can accept modification with qualitative adverb, in this case is sangat 'very'. This study is a corpus-based grammar research which is still rarely applied in Indonesian grammar, especially in verb and adverb study. Corpus Indonesian Web (IndonesianWac) is used to provide various data which qualitative adverb sangat appear with verbs in Indonesian language. Data of this research are all verbs that accept modification with sangat. The verbs then will be categorized according to its verb type. The verb types used in this study is verb type by Chafe and Cook which has been modified by Tampubolon. The results of the concluded that most of verb that accept modification by sangat 'very' is derivative verb. The verbs are state verbs which is divided as state verb, state experiential verb, and state benefactive verb.

Any fully-developed grammar of Tagalog must deal with the relationship between its verb morphology and how this determines which NP among its valents gets the focus. After a brief survey of the affixes used in finite clauses of Tagalog and a formal semantic analysis of the three main aspects, this paper proposes a formal solution within the framework of Dependency Construction Grammar by making the NP with the focus a dependent of the perfect affix, since it is the one which selects the semantic role of this NP. For some word orders this results in crossing branches, since the other valents of the verb base are also attached to it rather than to the affix. My suggested solution to this problem is that all valents share the same anchoring node by being dependents of the verb complex, of which the affix and the base are distinct parts.