Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Commerce - Volume 1

1998

Dear Friends, Through this Editorial, kindly allow me to convey my heartfelt thanks and gratitude to all the associates, specially the paper contributors and the well established academic giants from various Institutes of learn ing patronising us by acting as Reviewers, who have helped us in publica tion of this professional research Journal. This is the third volume, being published annually in consecutive years. On behalf of all the members of the Editorial Board I assured our readers in the past volumes that it would be our continuous endeavour to enrich the quality of the Journal and I am sure that the readers will appreci ate our move reflected in this volume. This volume of the Journal contains nine well thought papers cov ering various issues of contemporary nature in multidisciplinary areas in Commerce of which two have been selected and published in the Students' Section and the rest are placed in General Section. All the papers except the invitees were subject to blind review by experts. A few of the papers these from like, 'Teaching Accounting in India and in the US' contributed by Prof. B. Banerjee, 'Emerging Future Markets in India' by Dr. T.P. Ghosh; 'Population Pressure and the Problems of Environment in Calcutta' by Dr. D.N. Konar; 'Agricultural Taxation in India' by Prof. P.S. Das deserve spe cial mention. One of the most widely discussed themes in contemporary issues is the social control in Gram Panchayats' activities. This has been discussed and analysed by Sri Ll.K, Utthasani. Role of Insurance Sector in India is subject to debate in recent times. This has been highlighted by the joint authors, Sri A.K. Chattopadhyay and Sri S. Sarkar. Controversial points on Companies Bill have been raised by Sri S. Ghosh. 'Application of Lin ear Programming in Capital Rationing' written by our existing P.G. stu dents is definitely appreciable. Similarly, Sri Santimoy Patra, one of our ex-students has written on 'Depreciation Accounting'. The contributors are all extremely knowledgeable and active in their respective areas under study. The papers published in this volume analyse problems and in many cases supported by rich empirical data and theoretical bases. However, the opinions and views expressed by the au thors are of the contributors themselves and should not be misconstrued as those of the Editorial Board. This volume also contains a short resume of the speeches on 'Re cent Trends in Capital Market in India,' given by Prof. Amit Mallik of the University of Burdwan and on ' International Financial Management' by Prof. Bhabatosh Banerjee of the Calcutta University in a recently held semi-Vidyasagar University Journal of Commerce nar . Many other learned colleagues also presented papers on the topics. The seminar was sponsored by our University and organised by the Depart ment of Commerce with Farm Management of this University. Sri Arup Kumar Chattopadhyay and Sri Arindam Gupta kindly acted as Rapporteurs. To my mind, the professionals, working executives, researchers and students, specially from Commerce and Management arena, may find this Journal quite relevant and useful for significantly improving their knowl edge and skill. If you wish to comment on any views expressed by any of our contributors, please feel free to communicate the same to the Executive Editor. Your active help and constructive suggestions will certainly help us in enriching the quality of this professional Journal further. However,for the publication of future issues of this Journal, the Editorial Board may think of including a gist of some recent research work done by stalwarts of different Universities and Institutes of higher learning in the field of Commerce and allied areas. The Board may also think of rewarding the contributor, judging the best article published in the volume. The publication may also include review reports of some outstanding books, referred to our Editorial Board. Any kind of suggestion will be sincerely appreciated.

2005

Business history has been a neglected area in both Economics and History due to various reasons. However, some scholars have attempted to write books on business history basing upon whatever material they could lay their hands on, whereas some others have written individual corporate histories, which are usually sympathetic accounts of the perspective corporate houses and are of restricted circulation. Realising the importance of business history accounts for proper understanding of the overall business and economic scenario of India, an attempt has been made to present a bibliographic survey of business history books in English language pertaining to the colonial and modern period. The paper aimed at presenting a comprehensive account of the books of the following types: viz. general business histories; industrial histories; in-house histories of different companies; souvenirs of the various chambers of commerce and industry; histories of the business houses; accounts of the busine...

The article discusses the role of trade and merchants in Indian civilization and the particularities of the organization of Indian merchant communities.

2014

12/3/14 1 7. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCE In Chapter 6, we saw how commerce first organized itself during the Commercial Revolution to meet the challenges of mediating long-distance exchange. In this chapter, we will see how commerce, like production, continued to develop in ways that increased its productivity. What drove this development was the pressure of competition. Both the Crisis of the Long Fourteenth Century and the subsequent expansion of the Long Sixteenth Century put pressure on the organization of commerce to increase efficiency and lower trading costs. During the Crisis, it was shrinking markets and the resulting intense competition among merchants for the remaining business.1 In the expansion that followed, it was competition for the growing trade in price-sensitive mass-market goods. The expansion in trade expanded the market for the services of commerce. This had the same effects on commerce as did market expansion on production. It induced reorganization, including...

The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought

Section 1. Introduction During the 18 th century the range and number of economic publications produced in Britain expanded rapidly. Books, pamphlets, manuals, reports and periodicals abounded covering anything from colonial trade, foreign travel and foreign exchange rates, to new manufacturing techniques, agricultural improvements, commercial legislation, customs and taxation. Just for the period 1701-1750 and counting only new titles, Hanson (1963) listed just over 6500 works on economic topics published in Britain. The difficulties of access that this diffuse and ever growing literature posed to non-specialist readers eager to learn more about economic subjects, were acknowledged by mid-century commentators. In 1760, for instance, Joseph Massie (?-1784) complained about the 'irregular and broken Manner in which [the Knowledge of Commerce] hath been treated of by commercial Writers'. As a consequence, such knowledge could not 'be come at, without collecting and reading more than a Thousand Books and Pamphlets' (Massie 1760 [i,ii]). A decade earlier Malachy Postlethwayt (1707-1767) had identified the same problem: Foreign and domestic trade admitting of so infinite variety of matter; and the knowledge communicated to the world, by those skilled and experienced therein, being scattered in an infinity of volumes, it is no easy matter to have immediate recourse to what may be occasionally requisite, either for the information of the Statesman, the Senator, the private Gentleman, the Trader, or the Manufacturer (Postlethwayt 1749: 26). This abundance called for selection and classification and indeed these are exercises that were undertaken by contemporary connoisseurs like Massie, Anderson and Postlethwayt. 2 Especially the latter's massive Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, first published 1 I wish to thank Kingston University Business School for awarding me a grant to make possible the data-input exercise for the network research project of which the current paper is the first result. I thank PhD students Ibukunolu Babarinde, Ehsan Khajeh, Anna Ivanova, Florence Kode, Katy Schnitzler and Babangida Yohanna for their assistance with data inputting and I thank Dr Barry Avery for his indispensable help with the application of the network analysis software. 2 Their activities are connected to some of the earliest proposals for publicly accessible commercial libraries in Britain. The most well-known, due to its surviving catalogue that lists 2418 titles, is Massie's library. See Higgs (1935, xi) and Hoppit (2006). In the same period Postlethwayt compiled his commercial library probably for like reasons, namely for the use by students at his mercantile academy. The contents of this library are more difficult to assess for reasons explained in note 13 below. Similarly, Adam Anderson (1692-1765) mentioned that he intended to make the many sources used in his large work available to the public: 'with respect to the very numerous and smaller tracts and pamphlets herin made use of […] our Author has long since sorted them and had bound them up into many volumes of various sizes, exactly according to their particular subjects, many of which being curious and long ago out of print, were by him intended for a small beginning to a Mercantile library, when properly authorized, for the use and honour of the citizens of the first commercial city in Christendom' (Anderson 1764, viii). Unfortunately, nothing is known about the exact content of Anderson's library.

isara solutions, 2023

Modern Business commerce Education cover diversified fields of education and research in different aspects of business environment. It includes Finance, Marketing, Accounting, Human Resource Management, Entrepreneurship Development, Commercial and Business Law etc. In order to attain Economic Growth of a region or a country, one needs professional Economists and Accountants with advanced practical knowledge to enable to evaluate and analyze the complexities of the large-scale business and other financial institutions in one side and to face the stiff competition from the MNCs from the other side. Here the commercial experts who have trained in different aspects of business environment have to play a very important role. Keeping in view the above facts and demand of the time, prospects of Commerce Education seems very bright. To avail the advantage of Commerce, a lot of educational institutions have been opened to educate students in the field of Commerce with more knowledge on practical. We live in knowledge society we are living in imperfect world, which is advancing relentlessly towards uncertain future. Therefore, we must redirect it towards (sustainability) a new way of doing things in order to improve our environment achieving justice, social equality and economic stability. The change is impossible without education. Commerce education is business education. Commerce education is that area of education, which develops the required knowledge, skills and attitudes for the handling of trade, commerce and industry. The recent commerce education has emerged in the form of chartered accountants, cost and works accountant, company secretary, business, administrator etc. Commerce education is very different from other disciplines. There is greater demand for sound development of commerce education to meet the growing needs of the business society. In order to attain Economic Growth of a region or a country professional economists and Accountants with advanced practical knowledge are needed to enable to evaluate and analyze the complexities of the largescale business and other financial institutions on one side and to face the stiff competition from the MNC's from the other side. The focus of the paper is on the status, challenges and opportunities available in commerce education. It includes, E Banking, E-marketing etc.

Lexicographica, 2013

This article deals with lexicography from the Age of Enlightenment. The idea is not only to understand what was done but also to see if anything relevant to modern lexicography could be retrieved from this historical experience. With this objective, it will have a closer look at a specific eighteenth-century dictionary, viz. Malachy Postlethwayt’s Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce, published in four editions between 1751 and 1774. This work is selected because it is one of the most comprehensive and complex specialised dictionaries produced in that era. The article will first place the dictionary in its historical environment. It will then make a detailed study of its very rich content with a view to systematising the various types of lexicographical data included as well as the structures applied to assist the users when navigating through its highly complex pages. The analysis will show the great variety of items which Postlethwayt put into his dictionary in order to meet...

Shanlax International Journal of Education, 2021

Commerce education plays a very important role in economic growth. It is one of the keys which lead to success in all sectors of the economy. Commerce education has gained such importance because activities relating to commerce are also affected when the business cycle is going well. Through commerce education, students are exposed to the environment of the business world. It enables the importance of smearing economic ideologies while making business decisions. It makes them aware of social, economic, and political problems. Commerce outfits to the distribution trait of any business. Production must be consumed; there exists a suitable distribution channel to aid this consumption. And that is what commerce does by creating a market for surplus products. It has widened up the global market and has been similarly useful in hastening the practice of exchange in local markets around the globe. It is already established that good commerce plays a tremendous role in the economic developm...