1918–1944 Metų Estų Knygotyros Istoriografija Ir Šaltiniai
Aile MöldreKnygotyra
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Abstract
Department of Information Sciences, Tallinn University25 Narva Road, 10120 Tallinn, EstoniaE-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] apibūdina estų knygotyros formavimąsi ir raidą 1918–1944 metais, pateikia šio laikotarpio tyrimų antroje XX a. pusėje apžvalgą. Knygotyra kaip savarankiška tyrimų sritis Estijoje pradėjo formuotis trečiajame XX a. dešimtmetyje. Friedrichas Puksoo ir Richardas Antikas tapo žymiausiais tyrinėtojais. F. Puksoo yra pirmosios apžvalginės estų knygos istorijos, išleistos 1933 m., autorius. R. Antikas atliko reikšmingų darbų bibliografijos ir spaudos statistikos srityse. 1918–1944 m. estų kalba paskelbtos 138 knygotyros publikacijos. Jų analizė rodo reikšmingą publikacijų skaičiaus augimą 1935–1936 m., kai buvo minimi Knygos metai. Ketvirtajame dešimtmetyje knygotyra tapo savarankiška tyrimų sritimi, apėmusia ir istorinius, ir šiuolaikinius knygotyros klausimus. Straipsnyje pateikiama teminė publikacijų analizė, leidžianti jas visas skirstyti į ...
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Tautinių Mažumų Knygų Leidyba Estijoje 1918–1940 Metais Ir Šiandien
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The article includes an overview about the publishing and book production in minority languages in Estonia during the periods of the independent Republic of Estonia-in 1918-1940 since 1991 with Estonian reestablished as the official language. The treatment is based on the statistical data calculated on the basis of the Estonian National Bibliography database and on the thematic analysis of numerous research works. Russians and Germans were the largest minority groups in Estonia in 1918-1940. They were able to establish and operate publishing houses specializing correspondingly in Russian or German-language production. The German-language book title output was higher than in Russian, which was partly due to the role of German in science at that time. The smaller ethnic groups of Jews and Swedes mainly published periodicals. Only one historical minority-the Russian-survived through World War II and postwar period, making the Russian-language publishing the only enduring minority-language publishing venture in the present-day Estonia.
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies Vol. 2, issue 2 (2010)
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies Vol. 2, issue 2,, 2010
This issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice [The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies, RRSBN] crowns a year of steady progress in terms of number and quality of the programs and actions run by The Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies (ARSBN). The highlights of this year have been the first international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Romania and Lithuania in the Interwar International Relations: Bonds, Intersections and Encounters, the opening of the exhibition dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the establishment of the Romanian-Finnish diplomatic relations (exhibition which has travelled since its first opening about 850 miles) and of the first Lithuanian exhibition displayed in a Romanian art gallery and the awarding of the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of Valahia University to Dr. Vladimir Jarmolenko, the Ambassador of Lithuania to Bucharest and Honorary Chairman of our Association. Besides, the members of the Association have been involved in research whose results have been disseminated in books, international and national conferences, thus contributing to the spreading of knowledge and the encouragement of debates on subjects close to its aims. The second issue of RRSBN also brings a novelty in the meaning that 2010 is the first year when the journal is published biannually as it will appear henceforth. Having been projected at the end of 2008, its first volume was published in November 2009. The articles published in this issue bring forth new documentary evidences and fresh interpretations upon a variety of topics regarding the history, the history of international relations or the history of commercial bonds of Baltic and Nordic European nations, in some cases in connection to the developments in the Black Sea area. In spite of the array of topics, some sections can be however distinguished. The first one encompasses the two articles signed by Costel Coroban and Veniamin Ciobanu regarding the role of Sweden in the international relations at the beginning of the 18th and of the 19th centuries when this power had to cope with its declining role in the international relations. After its defeat in the Battle of Poltava, Sweden gradually came to be regarded as the minor actor in the international diplomatic game in comparison with its more powerful neighbors of Britain, Russia or Napoleon’s France. The first article describes how Sweden tried to rise again to the status of Great Power with the financial support of the Jacobites and what were the international implications of the plot in which Swedish emissaries have allowed themselves to be engaged in Britain. Integrating a number of nine important archival documents, the second article proves the wide interest of Sweden regarding the international circumstances leading to the downfall of Imperial France in its attempt to adopt a wise foreign policy to compensate through the annexation of Norway for the loss of Finland to Tsarist Russia in 1809. Thus, Sweden was also looking to the developments of the Eastern Question and to the policies of Britain, France and Russia with regard to the Ottoman Empire. If the Napoleonic Wars caused havoc in Europe and finally ended in the defeat of France and in the setting up of a new European order, the First World War had an even bigger impact on the European states system. Big empires vanished overnight and new states emerged or were re-established. The consequences have been momentous and the researchers are still discussing them today. As a regenerated state in Central Europe, the Polish elites wanted to wipe out the history of more than a century when it was divided between the neighboring Great Powers and to regain its place among Europe’s major actors. The memory of Polish drive towards the Black Sea was not forgotten. Taking into account also its 1921 alliance with Romania and the attempts to widen out the outlets of its merchandises, Poland pondered about the possibilities to ease its access to the Black Sea area. In the end, these projects had to be abandoned, as Florin Anghel proves, mainly due to the similarity of the export merchandises of Poland and Romania and to the low living standard of the Poles and Romanians which restricted their purchasing power. It must not be overlooked the Soviet threat which was deeply felt by the two countries. At their eastern borders tens of millions of people were engaged in one of the most gigantic restructuring of a country’s geography, economy and mentality that the history has ever witnessed: “the construction of Socialism” in an agrarian backward empire. The life experiences of one of the most intriguing groups of people engaged in this challenging strive, the 6,000 Finns emigrating from North America to Soviet Union, is described in Kitty Lam’s article. Skilled workers initially welcomed as the vanguard of proletariat in the newly established Karelian Autonomous Republic, they will soon find themselves condemned as enemies of the people. Basing her analysis on the letters and memoirs of those living through these experiences, the author discusses the extent to which the immigrants have integrated in a new ideological setting and how their rapidly deteriorating status has affected their life experiences and their identity. Olaf Mertelsmann also brings forth a research topic regarding a largely obscured subject when one thinks of Stalinism: the leisure in Estonian SSR. Following his archival, oral history and life stories research, the author argues that leisure was however “an important aspect of everyday life in Estonia under Stalin’s reign”. He identifies traits of continuity with the interwar patterns and concludes that the Leviathan’s attempts to control leisure and re-educate the population have failed to bear the expected fruits. Another section of the journal covers international developments circumscribed to World War II. Silviu Miloiu studies the relations between Romania and Finland in the aftermath of the launching of the Barbarossa Campaign. In 1940 both states had been subjected to Soviet military or political aggression and lost territories in the east in favor of Soviet Union. 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As Emanuel Plopeanu proves in his article, Germany was however interested in spreading the rumors through some Swedish newspapers that such a secret agreement was incorporated in the treaty, thus hoping to influence not only the public opinion in the neutral countries, but perhaps also to give its smaller allies new incentives to continue sending troops and resources to the eastern front. Ironically, the German propaganda half-lies seemed to be confirmed by the post-war realities when the Baltic States, for instance, were re-annexed to Soviet Union. When they regained their independence in the early 1990s, the Baltic nations oriented themselves towards the West in which many of them saw a shield against the menacing eastern neighbor and a path towards prosperity. Lithuania is a case in point. 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Knygos Istorijos Populiarinimas Estijos Vadovėliuose Ir Periodinėje Spaudoje (XIX A.–1917 M.) (Anglų K.)
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The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 7, issue 2 (2015)
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 7, issue 2, 2015
Most of the contributions gathered in Volume 7, issue no. 2 (2015) of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) were presented at the Sixth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania held on 22-23 May 2015 and entitled Historical memory, the politics of memory and cultural identity: Romania, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region in comparison. The conference was organized by the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies in cooperation with the International Summer School of the University of Oslo, Norway and the Faculty of History and Political Sciences of Ovidius University of Constanţa, Romania and in partnership with Nordic and Baltic embassies and consulates in Romania. The conference was funded by EEA and Norway Grants 2009-2014 within the Fund for Bilateral Relations at the National Level. The aim of the conference was to investigate the link between identity, collective memory and history in the above-mentioned areas by trying to find encounters between them and by making comparisons between the memories of the Romanian, Nordic and Baltic nations. After offering a short presentation of the Norse-Byzantine relations before the founding of the Varangian guard, Alexandra Airinei from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi courageously approaches the importance of the guard for the manifestation of the imperial power in the Byzantine public life. The young scholar Costel Coroban from the Valahia University of Târgovişte makes an investigation of the political power by analyzing some characteristics of royalty in medieval Norway. The case study he chooses for this purpose is Sverris saga, a saga about the Norwegian king Sverre Sigurdsson. The Norwegian translator Steinar Lone authors two important contributions regarding Romanian history in the 19th century, on the one hand, also revealing the relationship between Romania and the famous musical composition The Entry of the Boyars by Johan Halvorsen, and on the other hand the history of the second half of the 20th century when he himself was under the surveillance of the secret police, Securitatea, as a foreign Norwegian student in Romania. Having held a plenary session during the conference, the Norwegian historian Jardar Seim looks at ways in which individuals, social groups and political authorities approach the past and chooses examples from Romania and the Nordic and Baltic states. Rūta Šermukšnytė from Vilnius University and Giuseppe Raudino from Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen further explore the topic of the current issue of the journal with relation to Lithuanian historical documentaries and respectively Baltic cinema. The Finnish historian Kari Alenius from the University of Oulu investigates the representations of World War II in Wikipedia web pages of the Baltic and Nordic states, which are compared so as to show similarities and differences regarding the image of the war. The capital city of the Russian exclave Kaliningrad Oblast and its architexture is then brought into discussion by Paulina Siegień from The University of Gdansk. The issue of security in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea regions is tackled by Mihai Sebastian Chihaia from the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi in order to find similarities and differences in the political and security environment of these areas after the end of the Cold War. Adél Furu from the Babeş-Bolyai University draws a comparison between the Sami communities living in Finland and the Kurds living in Turkey so as to show how the cultural identity of these ethnic groups was affected by historical marginalization. The last article of this issue is dedicated to historical memory in connection with women in the Latvian War of Independence 1918-1920. Thus Inna Gīle from the Institute of Latvian History at the University of Latvia discusses the role of nurses during the above-mentioned military conflict. We hope that, through the new interpretations and the new documentary evidences, the articles published in this issue will further reveal bonds between Romania and the Nordic and Baltic regions and will strengthen the relations between these areas.
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 1, issue 1 (2009)
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 1, issue 1, 2009
Having been set up on November 27, 2008, the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies (ARSBN) has established as its fundamental goals the promotion of research activities in the field of Baltic and Nordic studies, the encouragement of knowledge in public benefit regarding this geographical area, including by the means of education, especially of higher education, the cooperation with similar institutions and associations from Romania and abroad, the promotion of the dialogue and cooperation on the axis the Baltic Sea – the Black Sea. In this regard, the establishing of a scientific publication to further our knowledge of Baltic and Nordic societies and to spread information about the Romanian society to Baltic and Northern Europe was essential. The magazine was also regarded as a springboard for the mutual acknowledgment of the bonds and relations between Romanians and the Baltic and Nordic peoples throughout their history and in contemporary times. It was our understanding and hope that the magazine will become a multidisciplinary publication hosting articles in fields such as history, history of international relations, international relations, literature and philology, economics and business, and various other sciences. When established, the editorial college also considered that it will be in the advantage of the magazine to include also book and article reviews, assessments of scientific conferences or notes of doctoral studies in the fields covered by the publication which will promote the dialogue between the two peripheries of the European continent. A year after the project was decided upon, the first issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice (RRSBN) comes out bringing forth articles published by scientists from Estonia, Finland, Lithuania and Romania. Although as it was expected to happen the articles included in the first issue are mostly dealing with historical developments, it must be pointed out that the themes and the approaches differ significantly. Chronologically, the articles cover the interwar period, the Cold War, and larger time periods as it happens with Alexandru Popescu’s notes. Thematically, two articles focus on processes taking place in one particular country, but with larger regional or international connotations. Thus, at a time when the scholarly research focuses on the transition to market economy, Olaf Mertelsmann goes back in time and shows how the opposite process happened. The large scale of changes in the structure of property and the gradual loss of private entrepreneurial skills as well as the human and economic costs should be remembered when dealing with post-1989 transition. In terms of outcomes, Mertelsmann concludes that “transition to command economy was something like the worst possible scenario”. Instead, Elena Dragomir approaches the Cold War from a different perspective. With the Soviet Union collapsing and the self-censure gradually being renounced at, the recent past started to be reinterpreted in order to fit the new Finnish foreign and domestic policy aims. The debate over the legacy of Finlandization was passionate, but the mainstream political opinion tended to practice a sort of “protochronism” by inventing roots and traits to developments that have emanated in the post-Cold War environment. This kind of ideology rapidly acquired some sort of legitimacy and pass through to younger generation which could not be judged as pursuing a hidden political agenda. Two articles carried in this issue of RRSBN approach, based on new archival findings, the intersections between the populations from Romania and those in Baltic area and Scandinavia. Cezar Stanciu’s article focuses on the state relations between a Communist totalitarian regime and the democratic states of Northern Europe at a time when a rapprochement was contemplated. Desirous to reconnect to the words trade flow and acquire a more autonomous profile in the international relations, Romania was nevertheless wavering in the relations with Scandinavia and was more astute in relation to Finland, a country trusted in Moscow to a larger extent. On contrary, Vasile Ciobanu has approached the “transnational” approach between German minorities in Transylvania and the Baltic states. By sharing numerous common concerns and facing common challenges and nurturing common projects, the communities of Sibiu Saxons and Estonia and Latvia’s Balts have developed networks and contacts of mutual benefit. Ciobanu’s discoveries thus add to the recent publications by John Hiden and Martyn Housden on this topic. The role of perceptions and the Danish travelers mindsets about Romanians are approached in Oana Lăculiceanu’s contribution. Although the article may be fitted into the same category of transnational history, it brings forth no new conceptual interpretations, but contributes with interesting and sometimes hilarious facts to the encounters between Romanians and Danes. Citizens of Denmark, a developed agrarian country according to the European standards, were sometimes shocked when they encountered the Romanian realities, especially as they looked in some rural or town periphery areas. Their descriptions of Bucharest, of the Romanian peasant and of the dynamics of development in a “third world country” – to put it so – are rude expressions of the differences between Northern and South Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 20th century and a reminder of the reasons for which the relations between those societies were so limited. Alexandru Popescu’s contribution enriches the chronology and bibliography of the Romanian-Finnish relations with new facts and is a testimony of the recent developments to which the author himself, a former diplomatic counselor in the Romanian Embassy in Helsinki, has contributed. Nerijus Babinskas’ theoretical contribution compares the approaches to the concept of tributalism of Samir Amin, Hohn Haldon and H.H. Stahl., a Romanian sociologist and historian from Dimitrie Gusti’s school of thought. The author discovers a gap between the Western and Eastern historiography traditions by the importance the concept has acquired in West and emphasizes why the debate is still important and topical. In the end, I hope that the novelty of interpretation and the new findings behind the articles included in the first issue of RRSBN will attract scholarly and public interest and give birth to fresh academic debates on the exchange of cultural values between the Romanian space and Baltic and Nordic Europe in the past and – as this new magazine shows – in the present. The new networks created between Romanian and Baltic and Nordic scholars can open new avenues of cooperation and contribute to the progress of our scholarly and public agendas and the magazine is ready to become a mirror of those developments.
Review of: МЕЛЬТЮХОВ, Михаил. Прибалтийский плацдарм (1939–1940). Возвращение Советского Союза на берега Балтийского моря. Москва, 2014.
JOKUBAUSKAS, Vytautas. [Review of: МЕЛЬТЮХОВ, Михаил. Прибалтийский плацдарм (1939–1940). Возвращение Советского Союза на берега Балтийского моря. Москва, 2014]. Lithuanian Historical Studies, 2015, vol. 20. Vilnius, 2016, pp. 237–242., 2016
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The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 4, issue 1 (2012)
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The article tackles diversity by an innovative use of probability theory which stood behind the Simpson’s Diversity Index processed by modern GIS software in order to meet its main research question: where, when, why and how has the Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Segregation Index changed in Latvia during the first and second independence periods. The outcome of the study is revealing for the importance of the theme: Latvia has one of the most diverse population in Europe, and while homogenization occurred during the two periods of Latvian independence, Riga and the towns of Latgale showed throughout the entire period a high degree of ethnic heterogeneity. While the segregation indexes of the ethnic groups altered slightly during periods of independence, it undertook dramatic changes at the time of Soviet occupation. The following article included in this issue evokes an episode of the earliest contacts between Sweden and Romania, namely the Swedish attempts to appoint a vice-consul in the capital of Valahia, Bucharest. This occurred at a time when Swedish and Norwegian commercial fleet was registering a remarkable upswing and Sweden sought to pave the way to trade expansion by concluding commercial conventions with the European nations. The Romanian Principalities had economic potential and a strategic position which an expanding commercial nation could not ignore, and as Professor Veniamin Ciobanu argues, this stood behind the Swedish attempts of 1834-1835 to appoint a vice-consul in Bucharest. The cultural clash and the lack of mutual knowledge made what seemed a banal search for a person possessing the moral and intelectual qualities to represent Sweden in Valahia into an Odyssey. Although the article dedicated to the Scottish Women’s Hospitals organization in the Balkans during World War I exceeds the geographical area this journal encompasses, we have included it in this issue in order to better understanding the complexity of human contacts between the North, understood in a wider sense, and the Balkans. Moreover, the activity of Scottish Women’s Hospitals in the Balkans represents a meaningful page in the development of an international mindset of the relief activities: help must be provided not only to compatriots, but according to the Hippocrates principles to all those in need, was the philosophy of Dr. Elsie Inglis and her followers. The last study included in this issue deals with the Nobel Prizes for Science and Literature and the Romanian relatively low degree of success in winning such outstanding international recognition. Although the author does not undertake an in-depth analysis of some of the most prestigious Romanian candidates for the Noble Prize which failed to be awarded the honor, it provides a valuable overview and raises some fundamental questions regarding the reasons of this failure. The Norwegian Film Days in Iaşi (May 27-29, 2012) coordinated by Dr. Crina Leon represented a significant cultural event designed to make Norwegian cinema better accessible to the Romanian public. While the domination of American cinema seems bound to continue, Scandinavian cinematography proves to be capable to fill a vital niche of public interest based as it is on the rich cultural and social heritage of the North while also showing the vitality and capacity to constantly renewing with fresh themes and ways of transmitting the message its capacity of expression. The interview with Mr. Jan Erik Holst, executive editor at the Norwegian Film Institute, is a gripping insight into the new wave of Norwegian cinema. * The first half of 2012 witnessed an expansion of the activities of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies. One of the most important for the future development of the programs and activities of the Association is the opening of the RoBaltNord, the Small Library for Baltic and Nordic Studies. The library was opened on 25 May 2012 with the occasion of the start of the third international conference on Baltic and Nordic studies in a location endowed by the Royal Court Museums Complex of Targoviste. It enjoyed the generous support of Niro Investment Group and Microsoft Corporation and benefitted from donations from the embassies of Finland, Lithuania and Norway, the Historical Association of Northern Finland, the University of Oulu, the Cetatea de Scaun Publishing House and of private persons. The goal of the association is to achieve a number of 1,000 titles by 2021, and it is hoped that the system of acquisitions, exchanges and donations will ensure that readers will enjoy the access to a rich resource of knowledge essential in bridging Romania and the Baltic Sea region.
Oficialiai Nebuvusi: Draudžiamosios Literatūros Laikymas Ir Skaitymas Sovietinėje Latvijoje XX Amžiaus 8–9 Dešimtmetyje (Anglų K.)
Knygotyra
Tarybų Latvijoje (1940–1941, 1944–1990), kaip ir kitose komunistų okupuotose šalyse, kartu su oficialiai leidžiama žiniasklaida buvo platinami alternatyvūs informacijos šaltiniai, tokie kaip draudžiami ir slapti leidiniai, kultūros ir intelektinio judėjimo atstovų darbai, kuriuos Sovietų valdžia aštriai kritikavo arba slėpė nuo visuomenės. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami literatūros, išleistos nepriklausomos Latvijos Respublikos laikotarpiu (1918–1940) ir uždraustos sovietmečiu, laikymo ir skaitymo aspektai. Nepaisant pirmuoju okupacijos dešimtmečiu (1944–1954) vykdyto nepriklausomos Latvijos literatūros kūrinių bibliocido (literatūros kūrinių išėmimas iš apyvartos, jų naikinimas dideliais kiekiais, tik riboto kiekvieno uždrausto leidinio egzempliorių skaičiaus laikymas didžiausiose mokslinėse bibliotekose), laikui bėgant prieiga prie šio laikotarpio spausdintinių darbų tapo lengvesnė. XX amžiaus 8–9-ajame dešimtmetyje mokslininkams ir kvalifikuotiems specialistams buvo leidžiama gana lai...
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, Vol. 2, issue 1 (2010)
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, Vol. 2, issue 1 , 2010
Lithuania and Romanian lands entered into relations, according to the ex-isting data, since Middle Ages. During that period both states were interested in strengthening their power, in self-determination and in increasing their in-fluence in Europe. Since the 14th century there was a strong influence of the Great Duchy of Lithuania and latter on of the Lithuanian – Polish Union over Moldova. In the second half of the 15th century there were signed treaties be-tween Stefan the Great, head of Moldova, and Cazimir IV, the Great Duke of Lithuania. After a long period of events, our nations restarted to have diplomatic rela-tions, in the context of a newly declared independent Lithuania (1918). Rela-tions were not simple and transparent and the dialogue remained rather occa-sional. It was a difficult period for both states, as it was for many other Euro-pean nations. Both countries started to be diplomatically represented, even if that was done from Prague for Lithuania, by Dovas Zaunis since 1924 and later on, since 1935 until the Soviet occupation, by Edvardas Turauskas, and from Riga in case of Romania, by Constantin Valimarescu, starting with 1935. The diplomatic relations between Romania and Lithuania were interrupted after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed. Lithuania disappeared from the map of Europe. The Pact determined the course of events in the European his-tory for the following years. On August 23 and September 28, 1939 Nazi Ger-many and USSR signed two secret protocols that determined Lithuania’s fate for the next 50 years. The names of our countries – Romania and Lithuania, were unfortunately included in the short text of the secret Protocol attached to the Treaty. As such, the 1st article of the secret protocol mentions that “in the event of a territorial and political rearrangement in the areas belonging to the Baltic States (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern boundary of Lithuania shall represent the boundary of the spheres of influence of Germany and USSR. In this connection the interest of Lithuania in the Vilna area is rec-ognized by each party”. The 3rd article mentions that “with regard to South-eastern Europe attention is called by the Soviet side to its interest in Bessara-bia. The German side declares its complete political lack of interest in these ar-eas”. Afterwards “our” historians and History kept quiet about the agreement for 50 years until the documents of the Nazi Germany and communist Soviet Union became researchers’ fortune. The occupation was officially recognized as a crime and the “disappeared” Lithuania came back on the map of Europe and of the world. Fortunately, the History cannot be forced to keep silent or to tell lies for a long period of time. There was another 20 years needed for the historians of our countries to “opening forgotten histories” of the bilateral relations between Lithuania and Romania. Thanks to an enthusiastic person, Dr. Silviu Miloiu, attracted by the history and research of the relations of the Nordic and Baltic countries, there was established, along with a group of hard working young Romanian histori-ans, the Romanian Association of Baltic and Nordic Studies. The same group of people organized in May 2010 at the “Valahia” University of Târgovişte the First International Conference on Nordic and Baltic Studies in Romania called “Romania and Lithuania in the Interwar International Relations: Bonds, Inter-sections and Encounters”. The papers included into this number of the magazine were presented at the above-mentioned conference. The period referred to in the papers is that comprised between the two world wars, while each author focuses on specific issues, such as, for example, the establishment of the political and diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Romania, as does D. Bukelevičiūtė and F. Anghel, or on Nicolae Titulescu’s new Eastern Policy and Romania’s diplomatic ties with Lithuania, about which writes S. Miloiu. E. Dragomir makes a com-parison between Romania and Lithuania and their development characteristics, considering that both states were a periphery of Europe. N. Babinskas looks at the H. Stahl’s conception of Historical Sociology and the Bucharest School of Sociology. The representative of Iasi School of History B. Schipor writes about the Polish-Lithuanian crisis of March 1938. R. Kraujelis deals with Romania and Lithuania as part of the Allied-USSR fateful wartime agreements. I. Cazacu fo-cuses on the situation of the Second Corps of the Romanian Volunteers in Rus-sia and their encounters with their Lithuanian, other Baltic and Czechoslovak fellows. This number of the magazine is especially important because is the first such a collection of research papers about the bilateral relations between Lithu-ania and Romania. Going back to the development of the relations between our countries, I would like to mention that on the occasion of the conference a Memorandum of Understanding between the Embassy of Lithuania and “Valahia” University was signed and a similar Memorandum between the Faculty of History of the Vilnius University and the Faculty of Humanities of the “Valahia” University will follow. During the official visit of the Romanian president Traian Băsescu to Lithu-ania, that took place on July 14, 2010, it was mentioned that the collaboration of the Lithuanian and Romanian historians should be raised up at a higher level, that of Academies of Science, a dimension that would facilitate common pro-jects. I express the hope in realising that in the nearest future. For the beginning there were done quite many things. There are planned to be published the first “History of Lithuania” in Romanian language, as well as a volume of Romanian and Lithuanian diplomatic documents. I question myself what will follow and in the same time I express the confidence that the collaboration will continue.
Подільське село у 1944 р.: соціально-економічне становище
Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History
The aim of the article is to analyze and characterize the social and economic processes in Vinnytsia region agriculture, which accompanied the Soviet regime restoration after the region was liberated from the German-Romanian occupation in 1944. The research methodology is based on a combination of general scientific principles of analysis, synthesis, generalization and special-historical principles of historical-criticism, historical-systematic and specific-problematic research, quantitative methods with the principles of historicism, systematics, and scientific verification. The scientific novelty of the work lies primarily in the fact that the author researched and analyzed new sources, critically examined Soviet party documents of the stated time and revealed the characteristics of the social and economic situation in the Podilia village after the restoration of Stalin's regime and collective farming. Conclusions. The restoration of the colonial communist Soviet regime in th...
Akta polskich sądów okręgowych jako źródła do badań nad przestępczością powojenną (1945–1950) na wybranych przykładach
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
Files of Polish Regional Courts as Sources for Research on Selected Examples of Postwar (1945-1950) Crime The study of postwar crime is becoming more and more popular among Polish researchers. The basic source for conducting this kind of research is criminal files, primarily those of the regional courts operating in the years 1945-1950. The author calls attention to both statutory and actual restrictions on access to source materials. He also notes how using other, non-official sources or witness accounts in this type of research will not always be appropriate. He postulates that research on postwar crime in Poland should be designed primarily as research on crime in the juridical sense. The author also indicates that research on postwar crime has many points in common with the so-called historical criminology.
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 3, issue 1 (2011)
The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 3, issue 1, 2011
This issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice [The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies, RRSBN] carries selected papers presented in approximately half of the panels of the second international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Black Sea and Baltic Sea Regions: Confluences, influences and crosscurrents in the modern and contemporary ages. The general aim of this conference was to investigate the encounters between the Baltic and the Black Sea regions’ societies since the Middle Ages. The goal was to unearth the complexity of these bonds not only at state level (political, diplomatic, military, trade relations), but also the encounters, forms of syncretism or networks of a commercial, social, cultural, religious nature which are beyond or beneath the state relations and are presumably not only richer, but more interesting and challenging for a researcher as well. Additionally, parallels between the two regions as two buffer zones situated in-between the great empires or great powers of modernity were also assessed. Papers dealing with the effects of world wars, totalitarianism and the Cold War either as comparative approach or in terms of relations, confluences and influences were also invited. Furthermore, the conference also welcomed research results dealing with diasporas, émigré communities or individual destinies in the frame of the general theme of the conference. As such, this conference constituted a real change of research paradigm, relatively little having been previously achieved in this respect. The results of the conference as the two issues of our review will prove were notable. A number of twenty-eight speakers belonging to twenty-three institutions from nine European countries approached these issues from various angles, the largest number of participants being constituted of historians, alongside whom stood specialists in international relations, minority studies, political sciences, etc. In the editing of this issue, we have focused on the panels dealing with “Settlements, transfers, encounters and clashes in the Modern Age” and “Baltic, Nordic and Black Sea regions in the international relations: intersections, meetings, crosscurrents” to which the papers signed by Stefan Donecker, Klaus Richter, Mihaela Mehedinţi, Costel Coroban, Veniamin Ciobanu and Claudiu-Lucian Topor belonged. Let us take a closer look at each of these papers individually. Stefan Donecker and Klaus Richter’s papers approached their subjects from the perspective of histoire croisée, the former researcher studying the humanist hypothesis of a Wallachian origin of Lithuanians and Latvians, while the latter considering the cultural transfers and the role of rumors as manifesting between Kišinyev and Lithuania in a charged climate marked by the wave of anti-Jewish pogroms occurring in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. The scholarly fantasy circulated by University of Wittenberg’s scholars regarding a Wallachian migration to the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea endured for about one century and half. This prompts Donecker conclude that on the mental maps of Central European scholars, “Dacia respectively Wallachia were not too civilized […], but still civilized enough to provide a reputable and very prestigious ancestry. A Wallachian origin was, indeed, an honorable genealogy.“ The outbreak of a pogrom in 1903 in the Russian guberniya of Bessarabia spread the fear among Jews within the Russian Empire. The expression to be treated “as in Kišinev” was tantamount to pogroms and was enough reason to create panic among the members of this community. The implications were manifold, not the less important of which was the determination of the Jews to defend themselves if such attacks happened or were supposed to take place. Richter also compares the disruptions caused by anti-Semitism in two very different areas of the Russian Empire, the growing industrial city of Kišinev, on the one hand, and the still rural northern part of Lithuania “in order to contextualize anti-Jewish violence in Lithuania on the larger scale of the Russian pogroms.” Mihaela Mehedinţi approaches in her contribution the relations between Transylvania and the Nordic countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland) in the 19th century as seen in Romanian periodicals from Transylvania, especially in Foaie pentru minte, inimă şi literatură, Familia and Gazeta de Transilvania. The article challenge the assumptions that because of distance the Nordic states were perceived as remote areas and little was known about them. Mehedinţi concludes that “in the 19th century, Transylvanians’ image of the Nordic countries is well shaped and has mainly positive connotations” and “the amount of information they had at their disposal was rather large and capable of preserving their representations of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland”. The papers of the panel “Baltic, Nordic and Black Sea regions in the international relations: intersections, meetings, crosscurrents” provide interesting insights into three important events unfolded in the Black and Baltic seas rim areas: Swedish King Charles XII’s Stay in the Ottoman Empire, the outbreak of the Lithuanian insurrection (25 March 1831), and the discussion regarding a Romanian-Swedish pro-German alliance going on in the first part of World War I. The first topic is assessed in the light of British documents, the second from the perspective of Swedish documents and the third is based on Romanian diplomatic documents. Costel Coroban investigates the mixture of superhero and tyrant British perception of King Charles XII. The balance was however tilted towards the negative image which spread into Britain mostly as a result of his largely overestimated cooperation with the Jacobites, the archenemies of the Royal House of Hanover, which led to the arrest of Count Gyllenborg, the Swedish envoy in London. Veniamin Ciobanu approaches the Swedish outlook of the Lithuanian insurrection of March 1831 in the light of the anxiety manifesting in the Stockholm political and diplomatic circles that the severance of the ties between Lithuania and Russia may influence the attitude of the Norwegians who were likewise unhappy with the Swedish rule upon their country imposed at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. No wonder that the Swedish paid increased attention to the events unfolding at the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea and that they unreservedly condemned the Lithuanian aspirations. Finally, Claudiu-Lucian Topor brings new evidence to a topic which still reserves many new avenues of interpretation to the interested researcher: the Romanian foreign policy in the first two years of World War I. Masterminded in Berlin in summer 1915 among the interested military circles and promoted by the pro-German Romanian envoy to Germany, the project of a Romanian-Swedish alliance to act under the umbrella of German strategic policy, aimed at winning the final victory on the Eastern Front and possibly on the Western Front, too. Utopian as it may seem today, the plan enjoyed the support of certain circles, but finally died out because of the Swedish clinging to their neutrality and of the Bratianu Government understanding of national interest. Two articles have been selected for this issue from two other panels of the conference. The first article signed by Ioana-Ecaterina Cazacu discusses the role of the Nansen Commission and the Romanian Prisoners of War’s repatriation from the Russian territories, a topic on which the author has already achieved two other notable recent contributions. In order to understand the stakes ahead this Commission, one may recall that the Nansen Commission was capable of repatriating no less than 427,885 POWs, 19,188 of whom, as Cazacu provides evidence of, were Romanians. Ēriks Jēkabsons of the University of Latvia studies the relations between Romania and Latvia at the beginning of World War II when a permanent Latvian Legation was set up in Bucharest under envoy Ludvigs Ēķis.
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