Depression-a mood swing behavioural disorder

Adolescent depression not only interferes with emotional, social, and academic functioning but also is a proven risk factor for school absenteeism, educational under achievement, substance abuse and suicidal behaviour. But scanty literature is available regarding the various social determinants that have an impact on adolescents' state of mental well-being. The current study was thus undertaken to assess the prevalence and grade of depression among school student of class 12 studying in various Boards of Education in Raipur city. The study also looks into the various social factors that may have an association with depression. A cross sectional questionnaire based study was carried out among 321 students studying in class 12 across various boards of education in Raipur city. Study tool consisted of questionnaire having two parts, first part contains 16 questions about general information of students and second part contains 20 questions of centre for epidemiological studies-depression scale (CES-D). The data was tabulated and analysed using SPSS v16. Chi square (X2) test was applied. A total of 321 students were included in the study. 40.49% students were found to be mildly depressed and 19% had major depression. Depression was found more in females 59.49% as compare to male 56.24%.The percentage of depressed students was highest among students of I.C.S.E. board (48.33%). Among the various factors examined for association with depression, statistically significant factors identified were working mothers, students staying away from home, poor relationship with family and self or parental dissatisfaction with academic achievement. Peer pressure also had significant association. Having a hobby acted as a protection against depression. Based on the identified factors, proactive steps should be taken at school and community levels to ensure healthy school and family environments. Emphasis should also be on IEC activities to ensure recognition of even mild symptoms of depression and their early treatment.

2014

About 8% of children and adolescents suffer from depression and 11% of adolescents have a depressive disorder by the age of 18 years according to the National Co-morbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. This study has been conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression among adolescents studying in public schools in Noida in order to find out a relationship if any with different socioeconomic and demographic factors. Cross-sectional study using simple screening instruments along with anthropometric measurements for detecting symptoms of depression in adolescents, two psychological instruments i.e. PRIME-MD PHQ-9 and perceived stress scale were used. Information on socio-demographic factors, activities undertaken to avoid depression and methods to relieve depression were collected using semi-structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was done with Chi-square test using SPSS 17. Prevalence of depression was observed to be 38% among the study subjects in the age groups of 16 and 18 years. Males (35%) were found less depressed as compared to the females (41.8%). Association of frequency of going out for outing, extracurricular activities and type of activities and depression were statistically significant. Highest prevalence of depression was seen in obese (48.7%) study subjects. A statistically significant association was found between BMI and depression (P<0.003). Majority of study subjects (36.6%) had consulted their parents, while 33% of study subjects had consulted their friends. Majority of study subjects (64.4%) listen to music to relieve depression which was statistically significant (P<0.001). The study highlights the common but ignored problem of depression in adolescence. The teachers and parents should be made aware of this problem with the help of school counselors so that the depressed adolescent can be identified early and helped rather than suffer silently.

2016

A study on adolescent’s urban boys and girls was carried out on a sample of 400. 200 each of them are adolescent boy and girls in those 100 boys from low SES and 100 from middle SES vice versa about the adolescent girls. The data pertaining to the study data was collected by administering depression scale and SES scale on sample adolescents.75% adolescent boys having low level of depression while 53% girls in middle SES while 91% boys and 83% girls in middle SES.27% girls having high level of depression as compare to boys having 14%. 3% boys in middle SES having high depression while girls having 8%.There are no significant differences was noted in depression levels except low and high depression levels in low SES. Introduction In every stage of human life, many changes are observed but the rapid changes are noted mainly during prenatal period, infancy and adolescence period. The rapid changes in primary and secondary characteristics are commonly occurring in adolescents who all mak...

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

Introduction: Depression is one of the under-recognized health problems in adolescents. Emotional instability resulted from childhood to adulthood transition makes adolescents vulnerable to depression. Aims: The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of depression and its associated sociodemographic factors among school-going adolescents. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken from January 2016 to June 2016 in adolescents studying in 9-12 th standard from forty schools located in an urban area of Patna, Bihar. The self-administered questionnaire of Beck's Depression Inventory II was utilized to assess the prevalence of depression. Statistical analysis was done with Pearson's Chi-square test using SPSS software version 21.0. Results: Among the 1412 selected students, the prevalence of depression was found to be 49.2%, wherein the prevalence of severe depression was 7.7%. The overall prevalence of depression was significantly (P < 0.001) higher among girls (55.1%) than boys (45.8%). The prevalence of depression was found to be higher among students belonging to minorities (Buddhism, Jainism, etc.) (63.3%, P < 0.001). Elder students were found to be more depressed than younger students. Depression was found to be statistically significantly associated with gender and religion (P < 0.005). Guilty feeling (69.48%) was one of the most prominent clinical factors associated with depression followed by pessimism (58.14%), sadness (56.52%), and past failure (55.81%). Conclusions: Mental health is one of the most neglected aspects of our society. There is a need to increase awareness about depression among teachers and parents to identify and help depressed adolescents in the school.

Indian Journal of Youth and Adolescent Health, 2017

Background: Depression in adolescents constitutes a global public health concern. However, data on its prevalence and associated factors are limited in low income countries like Uganda. Methods: Using a cross-sectional descriptive study design, 519 adolescent students in 4 secondary schools in Mukono district, Uganda, were randomly selected after meeting study criteria. The 4 school types were: boarding mixed (boys and girls) school; day mixed school; girls' only boarding school; and, boys' only boarding school. The 519 participants filled out standardized questionnaires regarding their socio-demographic characteristics and health history. They were then screened for depression using the Children Depression Inventory (CDI) and those with a cutoff of 19 were administered the Mini International Neuro-Psychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents 2.0 (MINI-KID), to ascertain the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM IV) diagnostic types of depression and any co morbidity. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with significant depression symptoms (a score of 19 or more on the CDI). Results: There were 301 (58 %) boys and 218 (42 %) girls with age range 14-16 years and a mean age of 16 years (SD 2.18). Of 519 participants screened with the CDI, 109 (21 %) had significant depression symptoms. Of the 109 participants with significant depression symptoms, only 74 were evaluated with the MINI-KID and of these, 8 (11 %) met criteria for major depression and 6 (8 %) met criteria for dysthymia. Therefore, among participants that were assessed with both the CDI and the MINI-KID (n = 484), the prevalence of depressive disorders was 2.9 %. In this sample, 15 (3.1 %) reported current suicidal ideation. In the logistic regression analyses, significant depression symptoms were associated with single-sex schools, loss of parents and alcohol consumption. Limitations: This is a cross-sectional study therefore, causal relationships are difficult to establish. Limited resources and the lack of collateral information precluded the assessment of a number of potential factors that could be associated with adolescent depression. The MINI-KID was administered to only 74 out of 109 students who scored ≥19 on the CDI since 35 students could not be traced again due to limited resources at the time. Conclusions: Significant depression symptoms are prevalent among school-going adolescents and may progress to full-blown depressive disorders. Culturally sensitive psychological interventions to prevent and treat depression among school-going adolescents are urgently needed.

Background: Adolescence is defined as the phase of development that occurs between childhood and adulthood. Presently in India, 243 million populations are staring at the crossroads of transition from childhood to adulthood. Physical, emotional, and social issues unique to this age group make them vulnerable to various mental problems. So, we conducted this study to quantify the current burden of depression in adolescents and its possible causes. Materials and methods: The present community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the middle and late adolescent participants aged 14-19 years from 52 sections (clusters) of 9th to 12th classes comprising a total of 1412 students with a multistage cluster sampling method. In total four sections (clusters), and one participant of class 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th were chosen from 13 preselected schools. The questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic details, screen time, physical activity, etc., and the DASS-42 scale was used to determine the prevalence of depression. Results: We found that the prevalence of depression in our study participants was around 39%. It was classified as 16.9%, 16.7%, 5.1%, and 0.5% participants respectively having mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe depression. Mother's education was a statistically significant determinant for depression among these adolescents. Conclusion: The study concludes that the prevalence of depression (including mild, moderate, severe, or very severe) among school-going adolescents is 39%. We hereby recommend that a holistic approach should be followed involving parents and teachers with the help of school counselors to tackle and curb this problem.

Indian Journal of Community Health

Introduction Methods Result Conclusion References Citation Tables

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Background: Adolescence is the gateway to health promotion and marked as the transition period between childhood and adulthood. They suffer from various psychosocial problems at any point of their life. Depression during adolescence is considered as an important public health emergency. Aims and Objectives: To assess the presence of some mental health symptoms by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) among school going adolescents and also to find out the prevalence of depression along with associated factors. Materials and Methods: A crosssectional, descriptive epidemiological study was conducted among adolescents of class VII to IX of an English medium school of Kalyani in Nadia district between July and August, 2016. Information on socio demographic variables along with responses on the questions related to various aspects of mental health was gathered by validated BDI and Global school health survey questionnaire. Depression was classified based on the scores obtained and a scale was used. Results: A total of 167adolescents were assessed, mean age of 13.63 years with more boys (110). Mental health analysis revealed nine attempted suicide cases. Nearly half of the pupil reported of punishment feelings (71) and self-criticism (68). The prevalence of overall depression was 34.2%, mild one topped the list. Level of depression was significantly more in higher age group, class VII and among those adolescents who did not stay with their parents (P<.01). Conclusion: The present study provides a composite scenario of mental health status and depression among adolescents. The findings reveal that depression is gradually increasing in respondents. This study also demonstrated the need for secondary prevention and raises deep concern. School based training programme and quarterly counselling under psychiatrist's guidance in a holistic approach may manage the problem to a great extent.

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 2015

Depressive disorders in adolescents are a major cause of concern. As these disorders are subject to high recurrences in adulthood. The risk factors have to be identified and prompt treatment should be initiated. 15% have depression and 56% have depressive symptoms. The causes ranged from financial, broken homes, or death in the family, chronic illness. Symptoms of depression were unhappiness, restlessness, agitation, anger, dis interest in a pleasurable job. In the schools failure, in academics, in 47% girls lead to depression, partiality, abuse, was also contributing factors. Several studies, in particular, a study from Delhi showed depression to be the 3rd leading cause of death. Our study showed 6%, 12% had problems at home, 73% had clear idea about future plans. The problem should be identified and a team of psychiatrics, psychologists, pediatrician should bring down the problem.

Research, Society and Development

Currently the accelerated and troubled routine ends up also affecting children and adolescents, who are still unable to develop, express and assimilate what happens to them, internally and externally, understand their pains and suffering; thus, they end up developing mental disorders, such as depression. Given the importance of seeking more information about depression, this study aimed to produce a bibliographic review article on depression in childhood and adolescence and its characteristics. The databases Pubmed (US National Library of Medicine), Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google ScholarⓇ were used in the present study, using the descriptors: depression, psychotropic drugs, mental disorders and psychotherapy. The articles analyzed were written in Portuguese, English and Spanish, for the past 22 years. For the diagnosis of children or adolescents, the clinical investigation has its particularities, the anamnesis must be more in-depth and it must go beyond t...