Climate Change and Resilience

景观设计学, 2021

Land

This study discusses the implications of resilience design for questions of economic and social resilience, and for equity. Resilience design proposals for California’s Bay Area, resulting from the Resilience by Design project and published in 2017, were evaluated through content analysis and interviews with design teams and plan authors. Findings from the study indicate that these proposals offer visions and strategies for large-scale infrastructural projects that rely on a land-as-ecosystem framing to adapt to extreme weather events, but that they also attempt to direct the impact of these ecological processes on surrounding social systems such as planning processes and landscape regenerations for adaptation purposes. However, findings also indicate that the design process does little to address equity beyond proposing access to those new landscapes and green infrastructure spaces, and to a much lesser degree homeownership and labor models for wealth accumulation. Ecology is consi...

2011

Chapter 13-Conclusions and Recommendations We increasingly hear about the negative impacts of climate change-whether on the world's biodiversity, or people. Despite media interest in controversy, there is now near consensus on the basic science of climate change-that the planet is getting increasingly warmer, and that anthropogenic emissions are mainly responsible for this recent warming. The question is not therefore whether the world is warming, but rather how much change will there be, and what can be done about it? Clearly there is an imperative to reduce the extent of the warming through efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and to sequester more greenhouse gases in the world's ecosystems through habitat regeneration and restoration. But also there is a need to adapt to the changes that are already in the climate system, and to which we are committed in the coming decades. Such changes vary enormously in different parts of the world. Some will be drier, some wetter, most warmer, and many affected by increasing uncertainty and variation in weather patterns and seasonal change. The uncertainties associated with the impacts of climate change make adaptation all the more complex, and require that we make the most of "no-regrets" adaptation approaches-those that will bring costeffective benefits to nature and people under a range of longer-term climatic changes. The management of our local ecosystems to provide benefits on which people depend in the face of climate change, such as for flood protection, water flow regulation in dry spells, wind breaks and as shade, often provides such no-regrets responses, and in doing so, can contribute more broadly to building the resilience of local communities to climatic and other changes. Many of the lessons we are learning in adaptation are from success stories from the field-learning by doing. This contribution from IUCN's Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM), the latest in the CEM Ecosystem Management Series, adds to our knowledge and understanding of the many ways in which ecosystem management can support both people and nature to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. We hope that it will inspire further learning, and the further application of ecosystem-based responses to climate change.

Ocean & Coastal Management, 2014

Available online a b s t r a c t Sea-level rise, potential changes in the intensity and frequency of storms, and consequent shoreline erosion and flooding will have increasing impacts on the economy and culture of coastal regions. A growing body of evidence suggests that coastal ecosystemsdnatural infrastructuredcan play an important role in reducing the vulnerability of people and property to these impacts. To effectively inform climate adaptation planning, experts often struggle to develop relevant local and regional information at a scale that is appropriate for decision-making. In addition, institutional capacity and resource constraints often limit planners' ability to incorporate innovative, scientifically based approaches into planning. In this paper, we detail our collaborative process in two coastal California counties to account for the role of natural infrastructure in climate adaptation planning. We used an interdisciplinary team of scientists, economists, engineers, and law and policy experts and planners, and an iterative engagement process to (1) identify natural infrastructure that is geographically relevant to local jurisdictional planning units, (2) refine data and models to reflect regional processes, and (3) develop metrics likely to resonate within the local decision contexts. Using an open source decisionsupport tool, we demonstrated that protecting existing natural infrastructuredincluding coastal dunes and wetlandsdcould reduce the vulnerability of water resource-related structures, coastal populations, and farmland most exposed to coastal flooding and erosion. This information formed part of the rationale for priority climate adaptation projects the county governments are now pursuing. Our collaborative and iterative approach, as well as replicable use of an open source decision-support tool, facilitated inclusion of relevant natural infrastructure information into regional climate adaptation planning processes and products. This approach can be applied in diverse coastal climate adaptation planning contexts to locate and characterize the degree to which specific natural habitats can reduce vulnerability to sea-level rise and storms.

International Journal of Architectural Computing, 2019

Coastlines are changing, wildfires are raging, cities are getting hotter, and spatial designers are charged with the task of designing to mitigate these unknowns. This research examines computational digital workflows to understand and alleviate the impacts of climate change on urban landscapes. The methodology includes two separate simulation and visualization workflows. The first workflow uses an animated particle fluid simulator in combination with geographic information systems data, Photoshop software, and three-dimensional modeling and animation software to simulate erosion and sedimentation patterns, coastal inundation, and sea level rise. The second workflow integrates building information modeling data, computational fluid dynamics simulators, and parameters from EnergyPlus and Landsat to produce typologies and strategies for mitigating urban heat island effects. The effectiveness of these workflows is demonstrated by inserting design prototypes into modeled environments to...

Sustainability

The frequency and severity of climate change are projected to increase, leading to more disasters, increased built environment system (BES) vulnerability, and decreased coping capacity. Achieving resilience objectives in the built environment is challenging and requires the collaboration of all relevant sectors and professionals. In this study, various stakeholders were engaged, including governmental authorities, regulatory bodies, engineering firms, professionals, contractors, and non-governmental and non-profit organizations (NGOs and NPOs, respectively). The engagement was carried out through the answering of a questionnaire survey that reflects their perceptions about climate change adaptation, the built environment resilience qualities (RQs), and the degree of resilience of the existing built environment and their perceived capacities. The results were analyzed using several statistical tests. The results revealed that advancing public understanding and management tools, reduc...

Sustainability

Given that evolving urban systems require ever more sophisticated and creative solutions to deal with uncertainty, designing for resilience in contemporary landscape architecture represents a cross-disciplinary endeavor. While there is a breadth of research on landscape resilience within the academy, the findings of this research are seldom making their way into physical practice. There are existent gaps between the objective, scientific method of scientists and the more intuitive qualitative language of designers and practitioners. The purpose of this paper is to help bridge these gaps and ultimately support an endemic process for more resilient landscape design creation. This paper proposes a framework that integrates analytic research (i.e., modeling and examination) and design creation (i.e., place-making) using processes that incorporate feedback to help adaptively achieve resilient design solutions. Concepts of Geodesign and Planning Support Systems (PSSs) are adapted as part ...

2010

Athens Journal of Architecture, 2021

This paper explores project frameworks and design methods in order to reveal innovative ways and processes for creating more resilient cities and regions. Considering major environmental, economic and social challenges and extracting key quality elements from pioneer development schemes, the aim is to identify methods and policies that have a significant impact on the transformation, landscape quality and sustainability of places at city and regional scale. Starting with the model of design quality in project delivery, and looking at a transformation model, the paper discusses best practices for the development of concept and implementation before it considers the model of pan-European collaboration. An investigation of climate adaptation issues through the 'Room for the River', a national programme in the Netherlands, demonstrates the significance of landscape design, low carbon and spatial quality as vital aspects of the built environment. The West Midlands National Park (WMNP UK), a major infrastructure proposal, demonstrates how a broader vision can help drive environmental, social and economic transformation in a region, whilst SATURN, an EIT Climate-KIC project, reveals the first stages of a pan-European city collaboration with the aim of reintegrating the natural assets within the climate change impact strategies of the participating cities, and exchanging knowledge between European regions. This paper suggests that landscape design and the built environment are important drivers towards a successful low carbon transition, and they can simultaneously enhance social and landscape identity and boost the economy of a region.

Sustainability, 2021

Cultural landscapes reflect a cultural group’s continuous and evolved interactions with natural resources and the environment. By now, climate change has become the most significant threat to cultural landscapes, e.g., food security, water scarcity, and displacement. The cultural and natural heritage of cultural landscapes can enhance their value as integrated systems and offer solutions to the challenges brought by climate change. Although exploring tangible impacts of climate change has received sufficient attention in cultural landscapes, a systematic understanding of the main barriers has been overlooked in building climate resilience in cultural landscapes. This paper aimed to explore the main barriers to building climate resilience in cultural landscapes. The research methodology was based on the content analysis of 359 documents published between 1995 and 2020. The results revealed that the integrated approach in documentation and assessments was the most quoted technical barrier. In addition, the lack of a regulatory framework for supporting effective collaboration and cooperation has been discussed as the most significant institutional obstacle to climate resilience in cultural landscapes.

Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2024

The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the need for architects to prioritize sustainability and resilience in building design, especially in the face of an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters caused by climate change. Sustainable, climate-adapted, and resilient architecture can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote resource efficiency, and improve people's quality of life. This paper explores the design aspects of the top ten COTE projects for 2023 recognized by the American Institute of Architects. These projects emphasize sustainable performance, stormwater and energy reduction strategies, and design-for-change principles. The main objective is to identify how sustainable project design adapts to climate change and supports resilient recovery from disasters. The methodology involves identifying and reviewing design criteria for sustainable performance. It also involves analysing stormwater runoff and energy reduction strategies. It investigates the futuristic vision for design for change, and highlights design innovations accomplished through the selected projects. This paper provides valuable insights into how projects approach adaptive and resilient design through sustainability. Architects can benefit from this holistic approach to designing spaces that adapt to the ever-changing climate and promote sustainable design innovation.

Remapping urban heat islands atlases in regenerative cities, 2022

The United Nations (UN) has proposed two actions against climate change between 2015 and 2021: "combat" in Goal 13 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and "adaptation" in the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (the Conference of the Parties COP 26). This chapter aims to highlight pathways and actions for addressing and adapting to climate change at higher strategic levels and urban planning and design at the local level. In 32 authoritative texts, the snowball technique and content analysis were used to discover the interactions between people, nature, and climate change adaptation. The findings revealed that lower-level adaptation methods, such as urban design techniques, were ineffective in responding to people's actions in public areas. In terms of SDGs and COP 26, epistemological awareness of normative variables crucial to the relationship between people and nature in public spaces adds significantly to this endeavor.

Ecologists currently describe landscape as a space of flows with its actor-networks in a constant state of flux. Everything in the world is moving, embodying energy that can be harvested and converted to another form of energy by slower moving actors for example, plants (photosynthesis), wind turbines or photovoltaic cells stored in the carbohydrates of food, batteries and water towers or thermal energy stored in concrete or rock as geothermal energy. It is therefore possible to measure any landscape in terms of its potential to harvest energy or value, in these and other forms i.e. from cultural, social and economic flows and to rate its actual energy/value performance in relation to its energy potential. This utilitarian approach to landscape design risks losing sight of landscape values such as beauty, equity and similar anthropocentric values. This paper explores the published literature about ways to balance these concerns. The application of this approach to public space design and management is particularly impacted by an engagement with urban political ecology and its concern with equity and the rights to the city and also the potential impact that natural and economic changes and disasters have on those who are weakest, the urban poor. Avenues for research on the application of these concepts to local landscape and urban design are suggested.

Journal of Landscape Architecture, 2020

Today, coastal cities face mounting pressures to plan for increased exposure to chronic flooding, and ultimately significant sea level rise. The required investments in urban adaptation are inherently expensive, uncertain and long-term. These factors pose significant challenges for both effective choice and collective action. This paper argues that metropolitan 'resilience districts' offer the appropriate decision-making unit (DMU) to analyze, plan and implement resilience strategies. The working concept of 'resilience districts' for urban areas vulnerable to coastal flooding was first coined by a design team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology spurred by a case study on the New Jersey Meadowlands from the 'Rebuild By Design' (RBD) competition. Cities have since begun using this term for their own resilience policies, failing to recognize the original intentions of its meaning. This analysis details a resilience districting strategy for the Greater Boston Metropolitan Area. The research culminates with a generalizable urban planning and design framework for protecting critical infrastructure, 'thickening' regional soft systems and transferring density to less vulnerable areas. The overall theme emphasizes landscape as a critical public safety service.

—Permanent environmental influences such as sun, fog, acid rain can destroy structures, buildings and the environment. Improving the quality of urban environment with utilizing green roof and green facades is illustrated for several years and installing them can offer multiple benefits. A detailed integrated presentation of green roof and green facade systems is provided in this paper. The aim of the research is to illustrate the effect of green façade and green roofs and generally greenery structure on the climate changes. The author tries to find a solution for the climate changes and environmental issues and resolving it by above-mentioned landscape architecture methods.