Nasal Drug Delivery System-Factors Affecting and Applications

2020

Use of the nasal route for the delivery of challenging drugs such as small polar molecules, vaccines, hormones, peptides and proteins has created much interest in nowadays. Due to the high permeability, high vasculature, low benzymatic environment of nasal cavity and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism are well suitable for systemic delivery of drug molecule via nose. The unique relationship between nasal cavity and cranial cavity tissues in anatomy and physiology makes intranasal delivery to the brain feasible. An intranasal delivery provides some drugs with short channels to bypass the blood–brain barrier (BBB), especially for those with fairly low brain concentrations after a routine delivery, thus greatly enhancing the therapeutic effect on brain diseases. In the past two decades, a good number of encouraging outcomes have been reported in the treatment of diseases of the brain or central nervous system (CNS) through nasal the paper also includes. The different types of b...

The intranasal route has become one of the most explored areas in the field of pharmaceutical research for the delivery of small polar molecules, vaccines, hormones, peptides and proteins. This route has been targeted for the systemic delivery of drugs due to its high membrane permeability, high vasculature, low enzymatic environment and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism. The large surface area of the nasal mucosa facilitates rapid onset of therapeutic effect, potential for direct delivery of drug to the central nervous system (CNS), and non-invasiveness. Intranasal route is essentially painless and is easily administered by the patient or physicians all of which may maximize patient convenience, comfort and compliance. This article aims to give an insight into the nasal cavity, its advantages and limitations, consideration of factors affecting nasal absorption, strategies to improve drug absorption, pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems and some of its applications.

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Over the last few decades transmucosal nasal drug delivery as a non-invasive route has occupied an important place in the field of drug delivery technology. This is due to high vascularity, large surface area, the avoidance of hepatic first-pass metabolism, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in gastrointestinal tract. Since nasal mucosa offer several benefits for target drug delivery, a wide variety of therapeutic compounds may be administered intranasally for topical, systemic and central nervous system action. In this review, we focus on the different aspects of nasal anatomy, and histology, and the different factors that must be considered during the development of formulation for nasal delivery. We also outlined the different methods has been used to study the nasal absorption in rats.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2021

The goal of brain drug targeting technology is the delivery of therapeutics across the blood brain barrier (BBB), including the human BBB. Nose to brain drug delivery has received a great deal of attention as a non-invasive, convenient and reliable drug delivery system. For the systemic and targetedadministration of drug. The various drug deliveries through some drug transport pathways, Factor influencing nasal drug absorption, formulation strategies nose to brain, colloidal carriers in nose to brain drug delivery system and nasal delivery systems. Physiological barriers (BBB) that restricts the delivery of drug to CNS. Thus intranasal route has attracted a wide attention of convenient, noninvasive, reliable, and safe route to achieve faster and higher level of drug in the brain through olfactory region by passing blood brain barrier. Intranasal administration rapid onset of action, no first-pass effect , no gastrointestinal degradation lungs toxicity and non-invasiveness application and also improves bioavailability.

Molecules, 2009

Nasal drug delivery may be used for either local or systemic effects. Low molecular weight drugs with are rapidly absorbed through nasal mucosa. The main reasons for this are the high permeability, fairly wide absorption area, porous and thin endothelial basement membrane of the nasal epithelium. Despite the many advantages of the nasal route, limitations such as the high molecular weight (HMW) of drugs may impede drug absorption through the nasal mucosa. Recent studies have focused particularly on the nasal application of HMW therapeutic agents such as peptide-protein drugs and vaccines intended for systemic effects. Due to their hydrophilic structure, the nasal bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs is normally less than 1%. Besides their weak mucosal membrane permeability and enzymatic degradation in nasal mucosa, these drugs are rapidly cleared from the nasal cavity after administration because of mucociliary clearance. There are many approaches for increasing the residence time of drug formulations in the nasal cavity resulting in enhanced drug absorption. In this review article, nasal route and transport mechanisms across the nasal mucosa will be briefly presented. In the second part, current studies regarding the nasal application of macromolecular drugs and vaccines with nanoand micro-particulate carrier systems will be summarised.

2021

The use of the nasal route for the delivery of challenging drugs such as small polar molecules, vaccines, hormones, peptides and proteins has created much interest in nowadays. Due to the high permeability, high vasculature, low enzymatic environment of nasal cavity and avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism are well suitable for systemic delivery of drug molecule via nose. The present review describes nasal delivery systems in recognizing to its potential and limits. The present review is an attempt to provide some information concerning nasal drug delivery system such as limitations, advantages, mechanism of drug absorption, anatomy of nasal cavity, factors affecting of nasal drug delivery, strategies to enhance nasal absorption, applications, novel drug formulations, and recent advancement of nasal delivery systems.

Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug administrations, such as intravenous, intramuscular, or oral are inapplicable. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than the oral route. This has been attributed to rich vasculature and a highly permeable structure of the nasal mucosa coupled with avoidance of hepatic first-pass elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the gastrointestinal tract. The physiology of the nose presents obstacles, but offers a promising route for non-invasive systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug delivery route to the brain. Intranasal microemulsions, gels and microspheres have gained increased interest in recent years as a delivery system for protein and peptides through the nasal route. Thus this review focuses on nasal drug delivery, various aspects of nasal anatomy and physiology, nasal drug absorption mechanisms, various nasal drug delivery systems, and their applications in drug delivery.

Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug administrations (e.g., intravenous, intramuscular, or oral) are inapplicable. Recently, it has been shown that many drugs have better bioavailability by nasal route than by oral route. This has been attributed to rich vasculature and a highly permeable structure of the nasal mucosa coupled with avoidance of hepatic first-pass elimination, gut wall metabolism and/or destruction in the gastrointestinal tract. The physiology of the nose presents obstacles, but offers a promising route for non-invasive systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug delivery route to the brain. To overcoming problems in nasal drug delivery requires deep understanding of the various factors affecting nasal delivery. Thus present review focuses on various aspects of nasal drug delivery with special emphasis to factors affecting nasal drug administration.

Pharmacy World & Science, 2004

Nasal drug administration has been used as an alternative route for the systemic availability of drugs restricted to intravenous administration. This is due to the large surface area, porous endothelial membrane, high total blood flow, the avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and ready accessibility. The nasal administration of drugs, including numerous compound, peptide and protein drugs, for systemic medication has been widely investigated in recent years. Drugs are cleared rapidly from the nasal cavity after intranasal administration, resulting in rapid systemic drug absorption. Several approaches are here discussed for increasing the residence time of drug formulations in the nasal cavity, resulting in improved nasal drug absorption. The article highlights the importance and advantages of the drug delivery systems applied via the nasal route, which have bioadhesive properties. Bioadhesive, or more appropriately, mucoadhesive systems have been prepared for both oral and peroral administration in the past. The nasal mucosa presents an ideal site for bioadhesive drug delivery systems. In this review we discuss the effects of microspheres and other bioadhesive drug delivery systems on nasal drug absorption. Drug delivery systems, such as microspheres, liposomes and gels have been demonstrated to have good bioadhesive characteristics and that swell easily when in contact with the nasal mucosa. These drug delivery systems have the ability to control the rate of drug clearance from the nasal cavity as well as protect the drug from enzymatic degradation in nasal secretions. The mechanisms and effectiveness of these drug delivery systems are described in order to guide the development of specific and effective therapies for the future development of peptide preparations and other drugs that otherwise should be administered parenterally. As a consequence, bioavailability and residence time of the drugs that are administered via the nasal route can be increased by bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Although the majority of this work involving the use of microspheres, liposomes and gels is limited to the delivery of macromolecules (e.g., insulin and growth hormone), the general principles involved could be applied to other drug candidates. It must be emphasized that many drugs can be absorbed well if the contact time between formulation and the nasal mucosa is optimized.