Wind power in power systems

Energy Conversion, …, 2007

The amount of wind power in the world is increasing quickly. The background for this development is improved technology, decreased costs for the units, and increased concern regarding environmental problems of competing technologies such as fossil fuels. The amount of wind power is not spread equally over the world, so in some areas, there is comparatively a high concentration. The aims of this paper are to overview some of these areas, and briefly describe consequences of the increase in wind power. The aim is also to try to draw some generic conclusions, in order to get some estimation about what will happen when the amount of wind power increases for other regions where wind power penetration is expected to reach high values in future.

2005

Intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, run-of-river hydro, tidal streams and wave fluxes present interesting challenges when exploited in the production of electricity, which is then integrated into existing and future grids. We focus on wind energy systems because they have an emerging presence, with new installed capacity approaching 8 GW annually. We survey many studies and compile estimates of regulation, load following and unit commitment impacts on utility generating assets with increasing wind penetration. Reliability (system reserve), observed capacity factors and the effective capacity (ability to displace existing generation assets) of wind energy systems are discussed. A simple energy balance model and some results from utility-scale simulations illustrate the existence of a law of diminishing returns with respect to increasing wind penetration when measured by wind's effective capacity, fuel displacement or CO 2 abatement. A role for energy storage is clearly identified. Finally, the scale of wind energy systems is shown to be large for significant energy production and preliminary evidence is reviewed showing that extraction of energy from the atmospheric boundary layer by such systems, when penetration levels are significant, may have potential environmental impacts.

2007

In this paper the existing technical barriers that prevent the accomplishment of a very high wind generation penetration in a power system are presented. Since several countries and regions in Europe are already experiencing such high wind penetration or, as a minimum, planning their grids and operation strategies to cope with wind penetration from a high to a very high level, the solutions already identified for the most common constraints are also identified.

Wind energy represents one of the most important renewable energy resources that can support electrical power systems. The behaviour of wind turbines following contingencies may affect system stability. This requires an extensive analysis of the possible effect of wind energy on the entire power system performance. This paper investigates the overall effect of wind energy on power system including the dynamic response. This is achieved by replacing conventional generators gradually by wind turbine (WT). Also, the optimal location of WT has been determined by checking the influence of wind energy on steady state operation. In addition, the effect on total fuel cost is considered to determine the optimal location of WT. The IEEE 30-bus system is used to carry out the investigation study. The results indicate that the system stability is enhanced in most cases with integrating wind energy into power system. The results can provide a scope for future planning and expansion of electric power systems.

2004

This thesis studies the impact of large amounts of wind power on the Nordic electricity system. The impact on both the technical operation of the power system and the electricity market are investigated.

2009

2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007

This paper provides an assessment of wind power effects on technical and economic performance of today's electric power systems. While a small penetration of wind power is unlikely to cause any qualitative changes, significant deployment of wind-generated power will require a major rethinking of generation dispatch and automatic generation control, in particular. We summarize technical risks, as well as the economic implications on total cost of providing power to customers. The discussion is presented for both traditional fully regulated utilities and for the portions of the electric power interconnection which are undergoing restructuring. The paper suggests that the ultimate benefit of wind power to the customers will depend to a large extent on how well today's operating practices are adjusted to make the most out of the available resources, including the intermittent wind power. Moreover, we suggest that an analysis should be done to determine the amount of wind power for a given system beyond which benefits are difficult to capture because of the necessary additional infrastructure cost.

2012

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Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2008

Wind field statistics are evaluated from the ERA-40 data bank covering a period of 44 years with a temporal resolution of 6 h. Instantaneous wind speed values are provided in geographic cells of size 1 • ×1 • (lat/long) for surface (10 m) and 1000 hPa pressure heights. Potential wind power generation is estimated in two steps. Firstly, the wind speed at hub height is approximated from surface data based on the statistical analysis of the wind and geopotential records for 1000 hPa pressure level. Secondly, the wind speed values are transformed by an idealised power curve fitted for measured data. The model time series are fed into various hypothetical electric networks. The main quantity of interest is the aggregated output from the networks. A reference power time series is determined for a static network connecting each continental site and an envelope of 1 • around the shorelines (representing offshore locations) over Europe. This time series exhibits a low average value and a marked annual periodicity. Wind power integration over limited areas results in higher average outputs at the expense of stronger fluctuations. The long-range spatial correlations of the wind field limit the level of fluctuations strongly which can not be eliminated either by an increase of the area of integration or by dynamic control. This study is fully conceptual, however it demonstrates the limitations of wind power integration over Europe.

Wind power growth significantly worldwide, the installed wind power capacity globally shown that there is an increase from just 283GW in 2012 to 369,55GW as at the end of 2014.And there will be more expectation in future years. This was achieved as a result of government policies on energy consumption from renewable resources. The government is doing an effort to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and over dependence of imported petroleum by some countries and using coal to produce energy. To supply electricity to potential consumers, the substantial amount of wind power requires to be connected to the power system. Wind power system poses different qualities that differentiate their integration from other conventional power plants. The size of wind power mostly varies from a kilowatt(KW) range single turbine to hundreds of megawatt(MW) wind farm. Wind power are connected to the grid at various voltage level. The required power during normal operation of conventional power plants can be generated at any time, provided the power demand is within the technical constrain of the plant. And therefore the power output is controllable and predictable.On the other hands, the wind power output depend mainly on the wind power condition and location of the area as well as fluctuations of the wind. The production of electrical energy by conventional sources uses synchronous generator. Wind power plants however, uses different type of generator system which includes induction generators, double fed induction generators, and induction or synchronous generator with full power converters. Every one of this generator system is having various opportunities and challenges to the power grid.