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2008
Introduction Much of the feminist debate at the international level concerns the issue of human rights. In so far as human rights promote the fair and equal treatment of individuals regardless of gender, class, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and religious orientation, feminism and human rights seem to be natural allies. Many feminists argue for the importance of fully including women in the scope and application of human rights. Clearly, women should be offered the basic protections and freedoms that men enjoy. Moreover, feminists argue that simply extending human rights to women does not go far enough because there are a number of gender specific circumstances, such as reproductive issues and domestic violence, that remain outside the scope of human rights as currently conceived. This approach to securing women's equality globally focuses on women's inclusion in the scope of human rights, and questions the gender neutrality of the concept of human rights. In contrast to this f...
The 1990s were a landmark in the international human rights movement and saw many positive changes in women's rights as well as in human rights more broadly. This collection of theoretical and empirical studies reflects on these gains, and on the significance accorded in international policy to issues of rights and democracy in the post-Cold War era. It engages with some of the most pressing and contested of contemporary issues—neo-liberal policies, democracy and multiculturalism—and in so doing invites debate on the nature of liberalism itself in an epoch that has seen its global ascendancy. These issues are addressed here through two optics which cast contemporary liberalism in a distinctive light. First, it applies a " gender lens " to the analysis of political and policy processes and by deploying the insights gained from feminist theory, this volume provides a gendered account of the ways in which liberal rights, and ideas of democracy and justice have been absorbed into the political agendas of women's movements and states. Second, the case studies contribute a cross-cultural dimension to the analysis of modern forms of rule by examining the ways in which liberalism—the dominant value system in the modern world—both exists in, and is resisted in diverse cultural settings. The twelve chapters—whether theoretical and general, or case studies of particular countries—reflect on a key moment in international policy-making. The collapse of authoritarian regimes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, in Latin America and other parts of the world, gave issues of rights and democracy a major impulse, and simultaneously revitalised debates over development policy. The cluster of UN summits held in the 1990s provided NGOs with a public forum and stimulated debate, both domestic and international, over policy. In these various policy arenas, women's movements and their representatives were active participants. The decade saw the growing size and influence of an international women's movement, one linked through regional and international networks and able to collaborate on issues of policy and agenda setting. At the same time, the return to civilian rule in many previously authoritarian states presented women's movements with an opportunity to press for political and legal reform at the national level. By the end of the decade all but a handful of the world's states had signed up to the proposals for gender equity contained in the Beijing Platform for Action, and to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), one of the most significant bodies of international law pertaining to women. 1 Five years later in 1995 in the mid-term review summits, many governments claimed to have put in place policies that were achieving positive results. Quota systems had 1 PAGE 37 1The authors are grateful to Yusuf Bangura and three anonymous referees of OUP for their comments on an earlier draft. The United States however has not signed up to CEDAW. See Tripp (this volume).
This article traces the development of the Global Campaign for Women's Human Rights from its origins in the global feminist movement of the 1980's through the historic Vienna (1993) and Beijing (1995) UN World Conferences. It analyzes the achievements of this movement and the challenges and backlash faced since the 20th anniversary of the Beijing Conference in 2015. (published in the collection, "Women and Girls Rising" edited by Ellen Chesler and Terry McGovern, Routledge, London and New York, 2016)
2020
Gender issues and its perception of deprivation of certain rights on women have been a concern over the decade in scholarship. Gender roles as handed down from generations are not without inequality that exists between the masculine and the feminine genders. This has orchestrated the viewing of women as second class citizens that have little or no right in the society. This view is not particularized to any locale, but is seen as a general phenomenon which has called for the attention of the world in its amelioration. In view of this fact, the United Nation is the predominant voice that has documents on the right of women in the world and tends to correct some inequalities that are predominant in our cultures today. This work will adopt a phenomenological approach in its study and theoretically framed with Conflict theory. This is because the society is a struggle for dominance among social groups (Men and Women) that compete for scarce resources and the subsequent UN’s struggle to ...
Politics & Gender, 2013
Human rights apply to all humans, so why do some complain that they exclude women? Although human rights are regarded as universal by definition, a multitude of feminist scholars have criticized the human rights discipline for excluding women.
African Journal of International and Comparative Law
WuDunn. New York: Knopf, 2009. 320p. $27.95 Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity forWomenWorldwide is a powerful journalistic account of the oppression of women worldwide, and of the ways that some women and men have struggle against this oppression and discovered new forms of economic empowerment. The book-in its eleventh printing in less than a year, and with testimonials from the likes of Angelina Jolie and George Clooney-is also a publishing sensation. Half the Sky brings much attention to an important and timely topic, and it creatively combines narrative, analysis, and policy prescriptions, and so we invited three prominent scholars of gender inequality and development to reflect on the book's strengths and weaknesses: Ayelet Shachar, Uma Narayan, and Valentine M. Moghadam.
American Political Science Review, 2015
Although all theories that oppose the subordination of women can be called feminist, beyond this common denominator, feminisms vary in terms of what they see as the cause of women's subordination, alternatives to patriarchal society, and proposed strategies to achieve the desired change. This article offers a critical examination of theinteractionof feminist theories and the international human rights discourses as articulated at the UN forums and documents. It contends that although a range of feminisms that elucidate the diversity of women's experiences and complexities of oppression have been incorporated into some UN documents, the overall women's rights approach of the UN is still informed by the demands and expectations of liberal feminism. This is particularly evident in the aggregate indicators that are employed to assess the “empowerment of women.” In addition to explaining why liberal feminism trumps other feminisms, the article addresses the problems with foll...
This publication presents the proceedings of the Working Conference on Women's Rights as Human Rights (Dublin, March 1997) convened by the ICCL Women's Committee. The event brought together more than 400 diverse women from all over Ireland to focus on human rights as a framework to advance women's rights internationally but especially here in Ireland.
Human Rights Quarterly, 1990
This document includes two articles describing the failure of the international human rights movement to consider or remedy the situation of women outside of the basic demand for political rights of people in general. The first article, "Women's Rights as Human Rights: Toward a ReVision of Human Rights" (Charlotte Bunch), emphasizes the responsibility of governments and patriarchy for the perpetuation of violence against women. Little is done to remedy domestic violence, and in many countries females are routinely denied education, health care, and proper nutrition, with the result that they are unable to escape from the subjugated position that is traditional to the culture. The article explores the importance and difficulty of connectir4 women's rights tn human rights. Four basic approaches that have been used to make the connection are: (1) women's rights as political and civil rights, (2) women's rights as socioeconomic rights, (3) women's rights and the law, and (4) a feminist transformation of human rights. The second article, "Violence Against Women: An Obstacle to Development" (Roxanna Carrillo), specifically looks at strategies for combating violence against women as related to development planning. At multiple program levels, an awareness of cultural specific forms of gender violence can help identify and overcome obstacles impeding women's participation. Such programs must recognize that change can be threatening and can result in more violence. Women must be trained in communication skills, awareness of possible actions, management skills, and self defense. On a very direct level, projects can test one or more education campaigns and seek to make violence unacceptable within a society. (DK)
The American Journal of International …, 1975
As the United Nations commemorates 1975 as "International Women's Year," 1 in a concerted effort to "promote equality behveen men and women" 2 and to "ensure the full integration of women in the total development effort,"3 the concern of the larger global community for outlawing sex-based discrimination is being articulated with increasing vigor. This concern both builds upon and expresses a more general norm of nondiscrimination which seeks to ban all generic differentiations among people in access to value shaping and sharing for reasons irrelevant to individual capabilities and contribution. 4 The particular norm against sex-based discrimination finds expression in many authoritative communications, at both international and national levels, and is rapidly being defined in a way to condemn all the great historic deprivations imposed upon women as a group. 5
Retrieved online at http://www. cwg. rutgers. edu/ …, 2007
1996
Id. at 7. Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland of Norway also emphasized the importance of recognizing women's human rights and bettering women's condition worldwide. Significantly, the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing Declaration and Draft Platform for Action, U.N. Doc. AICONF.177/20 (1995) (advance unedited draft) [hereinafter Beijing Platform], clearly states women's rights are human rights. Id. % 14. 2. This exclusion of women has been a reality in both the public and private 606 [Vol. MX:3 FORMULA FOR REFORM deconstructing and reconfiguring the human rights framework to ensure that women's rights that exist in theory become reality. The United Nations Human Development Report 1995 states the shocking, but all-too-well known fact quite plainly: "In no society today do women enjoy the same opportunities as men." Recognizing the second-class status of women in societies around the world and the dangers of the marginalization that results, this article, as the title suggests, reviews and analyzes the rules that exist and the realities that persist. It proposes reform in the context of cultural, religious, and traditional norms and practices. Part II describes the general setting that provided the impetus for women around the world to unite and demand their rights as human beings. Part III reviews the international human rights construct to establish that, as a matter of paper rights, women are, or should be, protected under existing norms. Part IV reveals that the reality of the conditions and status of women worldwide is a far cry from the equality mandated by the rules. This section includes an assessment of some gender-specific practices, some of which are justified by culture, history, and tradition, as well as a scrutiny of various substantive provisions of the body of human rights documents to show that women are, indeed, not equal in their enjoyment of, or protection by, established international spheres. See infra notes 4-6, 145-57 and accompanying text; see also FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY FOUNDATIONS 3 (D. Kelly Weisberg ed., 1993) [hereinafter FOUNDA-TIONS]. "[Tihe role of law, which by its absence and unwillingness to regulate the domestic sphere, implicitly has ensured constraints that have relegated women to the private sphere. In this manner law plays a powerful role in shaping and maintaining women's subordination." Id.; see also Karen Knop, Re/Statements:
Canadian Woman Studies, 1995
Afin m i w comprendre ks notions a2 droits Cconomiqw ct humains, liruteure dc cet am& now p & h t qu'il est dcessaire dc h sitwr &ns un contmtrglobd En souligMnt l'intrrdipctuiance dr tow ks droits humains, lkuteure Substantive equality ir about tuking into account the causes and comequences of women 5 social exclusion. It is about naming, stopping, and correcting the exclusion mechanisms. dhnontre q w toute infiactrbn rt. ka dignit& pbysiquc et psycho~giquc dcs fmmes a uncpcrtinmcc Cconomiquc dam
International Journal of Political Science January – June 2024, 2024
This contemporary analysis explores the intricate intersection between gender equality and human rights, shedding light on the evolving landscape of these fundamental principles in the 21st century. The paper delves into the historical roots of gender inequality and the subsequent global efforts to establish a framework for gender equity. By employing a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing legal, sociocultural, and economic perspectives, the study examines the challenges and advancements in the realization of gender equality as an essential component of universal human rights. The analysis traverses key issues such as discrimination, violence, and socio-economic disparities faced by diverse gender identities. It scrutinizes the impact of cultural norms, legal frameworks, and institutional practices on perpetuating or dismantling gender-based inequalities. Moreover, the study critically evaluates the role of international organizations, governments, and grassroots movements in promoting and safeguarding the rights of all individuals, irrespective of gender. In exploring contemporary manifestations of gender discrimination, the analysis addresses emerging challenges, including the digital gender divide, reproductive rights, and the intersectionality of gender with other axes of identity. Special attention is given to the role of education, healthcare, and economic empowerment in fostering sustainable gender equality. The study also investigates the role of emerging technologies and artificial intelligence in either perpetuating bias or contributing to a more inclusive and equitable society. Drawing upon recent case studies and empirical data, this analysis aims to provide insights into the dynamic nature of gender equality and human rights, identifying areas for improvement and innovation. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a holistic and collaborative approach to address the multifaceted challenges hindering the realization of true gender equality, fostering a global environment where every individual can enjoy their human rights without discrimination or prejudice.
Development, 2001
A gendered rights and life cycle approach Gender discrimination is of central importance to human rights because it affects more than half of the human race: without women's rights there is therefore no full recognition of human rights. The essence of a gender approach is the recognition of the structural inequalities between men and women, boys and girls, and the disparities in their enjoyment of rights. This implies implementation of policies to address such disparities. Gender discrimination is not the only form of discrimination, inequality and denial of rights faced by women and girls. Gender interfaces with other forms such as discrimination based on ethnicity, culture, class, tribe, caste and religion. In order to adequately address the rights and development needs of women, the interface of gender with other forms of discrimination needs to be addressed. For example, women's right to income remains theoretical if investment in their communities is minimal because of racial, cultural or political discrimination. Differences such as those of class, race, economic and political power between populations and between women and girls themselves will influence both the definition of the problems to be addressed and the design of strategies to address them, even if the primary objective is to address gender issues. Groups of women who face multiple forms of discrimination require responses that recognize the interrelated transformations necessary for the effective exercise of their rights.
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, 2023
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