Conservation of the Wild Relatives of Native European Crops

2020

European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Aegilops bicornis (Forssk.) Jaub. & Spach Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis subsp. archipelagica (Eig) Raus Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis Vis. Cereals Wheat Aegilops biuncialis Vis. subsp. Biuncialis Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata L. Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata L. subsp. Caudate Cereals Wheat Aegilops caudata subsp. polyathera (Boiss.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops columnaris Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa Sm. Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa Sm. subsp. Comosa Cereals Wheat Aegilops comosa subsp. heldreichii (Boiss.) Eig Cereals Wheat Aegilops crassa Boiss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops cylindrica Host Cereals Wheat Aegilops geniculata Roth Cereals Wheat European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Aegilops juvenalis (Thell.) Eig Cereals Wheat Aegilops kotschyi Boiss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops neglecta Bertol. Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller subsp. peregrina Cereals Wheat Aegilops peregrina subsp. cylindrostachys (Eig & Feinbrun) Maire & Weiller Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides subsp. ligustica (Savign.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides Tausch Cereals Wheat Aegilops speltoides Tausch subsp. speltoides Cereals Wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. Cereals Wheat Aegilops tauschii Coss. subsp. tauschii Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis L. Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis L. subsp. triuncialis Cereals Wheat Aegilops triuncialis subsp. persica (Boiss.) Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. Cereals Wheat Aegilops uniaristata Vis. Cereals Wheat Aegilops vavilovii (Zhuk.) Chennav. Cereals Wheat Aegilops ventricosa Tausch Cereals Wheat 58 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Brassica tournefortii Gouan Spices/oils/vegetables (green) Mustard Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (green) Ethiopian cabbage Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Brassica tournefortii Gouan Vegetables (salad) Radish Brassica villosa Biv. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis (Caruel) Raimondo & P. Mazzola Vegetables (green) Cabbage Carthamus boissieri Halácsy Oils Safflower seed Carthamus creticus L. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl subsp. dentatus Oils Safflower seed Carthamus dentatus subsp. ruber (Link) Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus glaucus M. Bieb. subsp. glaucus Oils Safflower seed Carthamus lanatus L. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus leucocaulos Sm. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus persicus Willd. Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & C. I. Blanche) Bornm. Oils Safflower seed Farmer's Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 59 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Carthamus tenuis (Boiss. & C. I. Blanche) Bornm. subsp. tenuis Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis subsp. foliosus Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Carthamus tenuis subsp. gracillimus (Rech. f.) Hanelt Oils Safflower seed Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts American chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Chinese chestnut Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. Nuts Japanese chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Chinese chestnut Castanea sativa Mill. Nuts Japanese chestnut Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. Cereals Quinoa Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Cereals Quinoa Cicer bijugum Rech. f. Pulses Chickpea Cicer canariense A. Santos & G. P. Lewis Pulses Chickpea Cicer echinospermum P. H. Davis Pulses Chickpea Cicer graecum Boiss. Pulses Chickpea Farmer's Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 60 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Cicer pinnatifidum Jaub. & Spach Pulses Chickpea Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. Pulses Chickpea Cichorium calvum Asch. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium endivia L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium intybus L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium pumilum Jacq. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Cichorium spinosum L. Vegetables (salad)/forage Chicory Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Fruits Watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Fruits Watermelon Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Oils/fodder Rape Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Spices White mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Spices White mustard Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. monensis Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Farmer's Pride: In situ plant genetic resources in Europe: crop wild relatives 61 European priority CWR taxa, showing the main crop use categories and related crops Crop wild relative Related crop use category Related crop common name Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. cheiranthos (Vill.) Aedo, Leadley & Muñoz Garm Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Spices Black mustard Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Spices White mustard Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Vegetables (green) Cabbage Coincya monensis subsp. puberula (Pau) Leadlay Vegetables (root)/fodder Turnip Comarum palustre L. Fruits Strawberry Corylus avellana L. Nuts Giant filbert Taxa Related crop Carthamus leucocaulos Sm. Carthamus tenuis subsp. gracillimus (Rech. f.) Hanelt ɸ Cicer bijugum Rech. f. ɸ Chickpea Cicer canariense A. Santos & G. P. Lewis ɸ Cicer echinospermum P. H. Davis ɸ Cicer graecum Boiss. ɸ Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. ɸ Coincya monensis subsp. nevadensis (Willk.) Leadlay ɸ Black mustard, Cabbage, White mustard, Turnip Coincya monensis subsp. orophila (Franco) Aedo, Leadlay & Muñoz Garm. Crambe arborea H. Christ ɸ Ethiopian cabbage Crambe aspera M. Bieb. Crambe fruticosa L. f. ɸ Crambe laevigata DC. ex H. Christ ɸ Crambe scoparia Svent. ɸ Crambe tamadabensis A. Prina & A. Marrero ɸ Crambe wildpretii Prina & Bramwell ɸ Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau ɸ Artichoke Cynara baetica (Spreng.) Pau subsp. baetica ɸ Daucus carota subsp. cantabricus A. Pujadas ɸ Carrot Daucus carota subsp. gadecaei (Rouy & E. G. Camus) Heywood ɸ Daucus carota subsp. halophilus (Brot.

BioScience, 2011

Nature Plants, 2016

Experimental Agriculture, 2011

Conservation of crop wild relatives (CWRs) is a complex interdisciplinary process that is being addressed by various national and international initiatives, including two Global Environment Facility projects ('In situ Conservation of Crop Wild Relatives through Enhanced Information Management and Field Application' and 'Design, Testing and Evaluation of Best Practices for in situ Conservation of Economically Important Wild Species'), the European Community-funded project 'European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum (PGR Forum)' and the European 'In situ and On Farm Network'. The key issues that have arisen are: (1) the definition of what constitutes a CWR, (2) the need for national and regional information systems and a global system, (3) development and application of priority-determining mechanisms, (4) the incorporation of the conservation of CWRs into existing national, regional and international PGR programmes, (5) assessment of the effectiveness of conservation actions, (6) awareness of the importance of CWRs in agricultural development at local, national and international levels both for the scientific and lay communities and (7) policy development and legal framework. The above issues are illustrated by work on the conservation of a group of legumes known as grasspea chicklings, vetchlings, and horticultural ornamental peas (Lathyrus spp.) in their European and Mediterranean centre of diversity.

Plant Biotechnology, 1998

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020

Editorial on the Research Topic Wild Plants as Source of New Crops The history of agriculture can be viewed as a series of key events, such as the Neolithic Revolution, post-domestication expansion of agriculture to new regions, secondary domestications of new crops, movement over the Silk Road, the Columbian Exchange, the Industrial Revolution, the Green Revolution and even the more recent, ongoing genomic revolutions. Each of these has had positive benefits, but they have also come at a cost, including to agricultural biodiversity. It is estimated that on the Earth there are between 300,000 and 500,000 species of higher plants, of which approximately 369,000 have been identified or described (Willis, 2017). Many species are still unknown to science, while perhaps a third is at risk of extinction (Pimm and Joppa, 2015). The number of plant species used for food by pre-agricultural human societies is estimated to be around 7,000, but only a small fraction of the diversity of the plant kingdom has been domesticated. Our present knowledge of domesticated plants largely reflects our experience of a relatively small number of living domesticates adapted to recent, Holocene environments. The process of crop domestication was based on selection driven by human cultivation practices and agricultural environments. Approximately, 2,500 species have undergone some degree of domestication, and 250 species are considered to be fully domesticated, in the sense that their full lifecycle became dependent on human cultivation (Meyer et al., 2012; Gaut et al., 2018; Smyḱal et al., 2018). Humanity relies on a small collection of crop plants such as corn, rice, wheat, soybean, and potato constituting the majority of our dietary intake. Altogether, some 10 to 50 plant species together provide about 95% of the world's caloric intake. This concentration on a few species for most food is a key element of the vulnerability of the world food supply to the impact of climate change and the outbreak of major new plant diseases. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) remain the largest reservoir of genetic diversity for crop improvement and have been utilized for major gene disease and pest resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance (Vavilov et al.

Acta Horticulturae, 2012

The USDA germplasm repository in Davis is responsible for acquiring, conserving and distributing a broad spectrum of diversity of subtropical and temperate fruit and nut species germplasm to stakeholders around the world. Currently the repository holds over 7000 germplasm accessions including Actinidia (kiwi fruit), Diospyros (persimmon), Ficus (fig), Juglans (walnuts), Morus (mulberry), Olea (olive), Pistacia (pistachio), Prunus (stonefruits and almond), Punica (pomegranate), Vitis (grape), and other minor genera. Wild relatives are widely represented in the collections with nearly 50% of the accessions and >90% of the taxa (196 out a total of 215 taxa) representing the wild gene pools. Research at the repository is mainly focused on genetic characterization of germplasm using molecular markers and morphological traits to quantify and describe genetic structure and differentiation within and among species and gene pools. Various population genetic, multivariate and phylogenetic approaches are utilized to classify and elucidate genetic and evolutionary relationships within and among taxa and gene pools. Most of our crop genera are tertiary disjuncts with modern distributions showing disjunction between Eurasia and the Americas. There is rich fossil history and excellent opportunities for analyzing the phylogeny and historical biogeography to understand the paleobotanical and evolutionary events that led to the modern disjunctions. In addition to traditional uses of germplasm for genetic improvement of crops, the collections are increasingly being used in association genetic analyses for gene discovery and to dissect complex phenotypes by exploiting historical genetic recombination. We will review several studies we have conducted to illustrate different methods and approaches to characterize germplasm collections, and discuss results and implications for effective conservation, management, and utilization of germplasm collections. 12 crop genera comprising ~220 species, of which ~200 are wild relatives (Table 1). Although, most of the crop genera are fairly well represented by a number of wild

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science, 2011

Journal of International Biotechnology Law, 2004