Zero Point Energy and the Dirac Equation

2007

Zero Point Energy (ZPE) describes the random electromagnetic oscillations that are left in the vacuum after all other energy has been removed. One way to explain this is by means of the uncertainty principle of quantum physics, which implies that it is impossible to have a zero energy condition. In this article, the ZPE is explained by using a novel description of the graviton. This is based on the behavior of photons in a gravitational field, leading to a new definition of the graviton. In effect, gravitons behave as if they have charge and magnetic effects. These are referred to as negative color charge, positive color charge and magnetic color. From this, it can be shown that a photon is made of color charges and magnetic color. This definition of the structure of a photon then leads to an explanation of how the vacuum produces Zero Point Energy (ZPE). Zero Point Energy and Dirac Equation 2/15

This paper proposes an extended (e) zero-energy hypothesis (eZEH) starting from the “classical” speculative zero-energy universe hypothesis (ZEUH) (first proposed by physicist Pascual Jordan), which mainly states that the total amount of energy in our universe is exactly zero: its amount of positive energy (in the form of matter and radiation) is exactly canceled out by its negative energy (in the form of gravity). eZEH “pushes” ZEUH “to its quantum limits” and generates some new predictions: (1) the existence of multiple types of negative-energy gravitons; (2) a strong quantum gravitational field acting at very small subatomic length scales (which is measured by a quantum strong gravitational constant and which is predicted to make Hawking radiation very improbable to form at the first place); (3) a (macrocosmic) black hole Casimir effect which may explain the accelerated expansion of our universe etc. Keywords: the zero-energy universe hypothesis (ZEUH); an extended zero-energy hypothesis (eZEH); quantum vacuum; negative-energy graviton; quantum strong gravitational constant; Hawking radiation; black hole Casimir effect; accelerated expansion of our universe. #DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2

2007

Research Gate, 2024

This paper proposes a theoretical demonstration of quantum gravity based on a simple zero-energy rule of the quantum vacuum in its ground state, a demonstration that also offers a general solution to the notorious mass gap problem and some profound explanations: (1) electric charge is actually a confined electromagnetic field, so that both charge and electrostatic field (defined as a charge-gap with negative quantized curvature) are demonstrated to be the "allotropes" of the same unified quantum electromagnetic field; (2) all the elementary non-zero rest masses (with discrete values) are actually confined gravitational field, so that both mass and gravity (defined as a mass-gap with negative quantized curvature) are demonstrated to be the "allotropes" of the same unified quantum gravitational field; (3) the total energy of the universe is zero and gravity plays a primary role in matter creation; (4) dark matter is actually composed of negative-mass elementary particles; (5) dark energy is a short-range short-life strong antigravity acting around Planck scales; #DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2

2002

Summary of Part 1 (Infinite Energy, Issue #43) We show that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics is totally inadequate by any reasonable criteria, violating the basic scientific rules of simplicity, mathematical consistency, causality, and conservation. All these violations stem from the 1930s, when by a mathematical trick the Dirac wave equation was truncated to eliminate its negative energy solutions. Recent developments, however, have shown that time is quantized (Treiman, 2000), thereby eliminating the very basis of that mathematical trick, as it would involve massive violations of conservation of mass/energy. The energy equation and Dirac’s equation call for both positive and negative energy. Thus they are symmetrical with respect to energy, as are the forces of physics. We show that positive (repulsive) forces increase positive energy, while negative (attractive) forces, such as gravitation, the strong nuclear force, and the Coulomb force between unlike charges, all in...

Cosmology 2020 - The Current State [Working Title], 2020

The electromagnetic field ground state, a zero-energy vacuum component that issues naturally from Maxwell's theory and from the vector potential quantization at a single-photon level, overcomes the vacuum energy singularity in quantum electrodynamics which leads inevitably to the well-known "vacuum catastrophe" in cosmology. Photons/electromagnetic waves are oscillations of this vacuum field which is composed of a real electric potential permeating all of space. The Hawking-Unruh temperature for a particle accelerated in vacuum is readily obtained from the interaction with the electromagnetic field ground state. The elementary charge and the electron and proton mass are expressed precisely through the electromagnetic field ground state quantized amplitude entailing that photons, leptons/antileptons, and probably baryons/antibaryons originate from the same vacuum field. Fluctuations of the electromagnetic field ground state contribute to the cosmic electromagnetic background and may be at the origin of the dark energy which is considered to be responsible for the observed cosmic acceleration. Furthermore, the gravitational constant is also expressed through the electromagnetic field ground state quantized amplitude revealing the electromagnetic nature of gravity. The overall developments yield that the electromagnetic field ground state plays a primary role in gravitation and cosmology opening new perspectives for further investigations.

1997

Previous studies of the physics of a classical electromagnetic zero-point field (ZPF) have implicated it as a possible basis for a number of quantum phenomena. Recent work implies that the ZPF may play an even more significant role as the source of inertia and gravitation of matter. Furthermore, this close link between electromagnetism and inertia suggests that it may be fruitful to investigate to what extent the fundamental physical process of electromagnetic radiation by accelerated charged particles could be interpreted as scattering of ambient ZPF radiation. This could also bear upon the origin of radiation reaction and on the existence of the same Planck function underlying both thermal emission and the acceleration-dependent Davies-Unruh effect. If these findings are substantiated by further investigations, a paradigm shift would be necessitated in physics. An overview of these concepts is presented thereby outlining a research agenda which could ultimately lead to revolutionary technologies.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), 2020

We show that the electromagnetic quantum vacuum derives directly from Maxwell's theory and plays a primary role in quantum electrodynamics, particle physics, gravitation and cosmology. It corresponds to the electromagnetic field ground state at zero frequency, a zero-energy cosmic field permeating all of space and having positive and negative components. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum is composed of real states, called kenons (vacuum). Photons are local oscillations of kenons guided by a nonlocal vector potential wave function with quantized amplitude. They propagate at the speed imposed by the vacuum electric permittivity 0  and magnetic permeability 0  , which are intrinsic properties of the

Physics of Atomic Nuclei

We have considered the possibility of formation a massless particles with spin 1 in the region of negative energies, within the framework of the Weyl type equation for neutrinos. It is proved that, unlike quantum electrodynamics, the developed approach allows in the ground state the formation of such stable particles. The structure and properties of this vector-boson are studied in detail. The problem of entangling two vector bosons with projections of spins +1 and-1 and, accordingly, the formation of a zero-spin boson is studied within the framework of a complex stochastic equation of the Langevin type. The paper discusses the structure of the Bose particle of a scalar field and the space-time's properties of an empty space (quantum vacuum).

2020

Without stating any assumptions or making postulates we show that, the electromagnetic quantum vacuum derives directly from Maxwell's theory and plays a primary role in gravitation and cosmology. Photons are local oscillations of the vacuum field guided by a non-local vector potential wave function. They propagate at the speed imposed by the vacuum electric permittivity 0  and magnetic permeability 0  , which we demonstrate that they are intrinsic properties of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. The electron-positron elementary charge derive naturally from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. We establish the masse-charge equivalence relation showing that the masses of all particles (leptons, mesons, baryons) and antiparticles are manifestations of the elementary charges and their corresponding magnetic moments. Newton's and Coulomb's laws equivalence results naturally. In addition, we show that the gravitational constant G is a property of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum putting in evidence the electromagnetic nature of gravity. Furthermore, we draw that G is the same for matter and antimatter but gravitational forces should be repulsive between particles and antiparticles because their masses bear naturally opposite signs. The electromagnetic quantum vacuum appears to be the natural link between quantum electrodynamics (QED), gravitation and cosmology and may constitute the basic step towards a unified field theory. Dark Energy and Dark Matter might originate from the electromagnetic quantum vacuum fluctuations. The calculated electromagnetic vacuum energy density, related to the cosmological constant considered responsible for the cosmic acceleration, is in good agreement with the astrophysical observations. However, the cosmic acceleration may be due to both the quantum vacuum fluctuations as well as to the matter-antimatter gravitational repulsion. Finally, we advance the hypothesis that energy, matter and antimatter in the universe emerge spontaneously from the quantum vacuum fluctuations as residues that remain stable in space and we present the principles upon which a new cosmological model may be developed overcoming the wellknown Big Bang issues.