Proton mass decomposition and hadron cosmological constant

Physical Review D, 1995

Hadron masses are shown to be separable in QCD into contributions of quark and gluon kinetic and potential energies, quark masses, and the trace anomaly. The separation is based on a study of the structure of the QCD energy-momentum tensor and its matrix elements in hadron states. The paper contains two parts. In the first part, a detailed discussion of the renormalization properties of the energy-momentum tensor is given. In the second part, a mass separation formula is derived and then applied to the nucleon, pion, and the QCD vacuum. Implications of the results on hadron structure and non-perturbative QCD dynamics are discussed.

Physical Review D, 2003

We follow our previous paper on possible cosmological variation of weak scale (quark masses) and strong scale, inspired by data on cosmological variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant from distant quasar (QSO) absorption spectra. In this work we identify the strange quark mass ms as the most important quantity, and the sigma meson mass as the ingredient of the nuclear forces most sensitive to it. As a result, we claim significantly stronger limits on ratio of weak/strong scale (W = ms/ΛQCD) variation following from our previous discussion of primordial Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis (|δW/W | < 0.006) and Oklo natural nuclear reactor (|δW/W | < 1.2 • 10 −10 ; there is also a non-zero solution δW/W = (−0.56 ± 0.05) • 10 −9) .

2018

We study the low-energy sector of the strong interaction which is the least understood part of the Standard Model, the theory that describes the interactions of all known particles. The ideal parti ...

Physical Review D, 1979

Natural Science, 2013

Following the basic ideas of general relativity and quantum field theory, combing two kinds of standard models, the curvature mass inside hadrons is discussed and developed, in which the standard model of particle physics and the standard model of cosmos are naturally unified under the mathematical framework of geometric field theory, where the phenomena of dark matter and dark energy could get naturally theoretical interpretation.

The European Physical Journal C

Though not a part of mainstream physics, Salam's theory of strong gravity remains a viable effective model for the description of strong interactions in the gauge singlet sector of QCD, capable of producing particle confinement and asymptotic freedom, but not of reproducing interactions involving SU (3) color charge. It may therefore be used to explore the stability and confinement of gauge singlet hadrons, though not to describe scattering processes that require color interactions. It is a two-tensor theory of both strong interactions and gravity, in which the strong tensor field is governed by equations formally identical to the Einstein equations, apart from the coupling parameter, which is of order 1 GeV −1. We revisit the strong gravity theory and investigate the strong gravity field equations in the presence of a mixing term which induces an effective strong cosmological constant, f. This introduces a strong de Sitter radius for strongly interacting fermions, producing a confining bubble, which allows us to identify f with the 'bag constant' of the MIT bag model, B 2 × 10 14 g cm −3. Assuming a static, spherically symmetric geometry, we derive the strong gravity TOV equation, which describes the equilibrium properties of compact hadronic objects. From this, we determine the generalized Buchdahl inequalities for a strong gravity 'particle', giving rise to upper and lower bounds on the mass/radius ratio of stable, compact, strongly interacting objects. We show, explicitly, that the existence of the lower mass bound is induced by the presence of f , producing a mass gap,

We show that Regge phenomenology is consistent with the only universal scaling law for hadron masses, M * /M = (α ′ /α ′ *) 1/2 , where asterisk indicates a finitetemperature quantity. Phenomenological models further suggest the following expression of the above scaling in terms of the temperature-dependent gluon condensate:

Physical Review D, 1975

We explore the implications for hadron spectroscopy of the "standard" gauge model of weak, electromagnetic, and strong interactions. The model involves four types of fractionally charged quarks, each in three colors, coupling to massless gauge gluons. The quarks are confined within colorless hadrons by a long-range spinindependent force realizing infrared slavery. We use the asymptotic freedom of the model to argue that for the calculation of hadron masses, the short-range quark-quark interaction may be taken to be Coulomb-like. We rederive many successful quark-model mass relations for the low-lying hadrons, Because a specific interaction and symmetry-breaking mechanism are forced on us by the underlying renormalizable gauge field theory, we also obtain new mass relations. They are well satisfied. We develop a qualitative understanding of many features of the hadron mass spectrum, such as the origin and sign of the X-A mass splitting. Interpreting the newly discovered narrow boson resonances as states of charmonium, we use the model to predict the masses of charmed mesons and baryons.

Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 2014

We consider a possibility that inside the proton and, more generally, inside the hadrons there are additional partons-tensor-gluons, which can carry a part of the proton momentum. The tensor-gluons have zero electric charge, like gluons, but have a larger spin. Inside the proton a nonzero density of the tensor-gluons can be generated by the emission of tensor-gluons by gluons. The last mechanism is typical for non-Abelian tensor gauge theories, in which there exists a gluon-tensor-tensor vertex of order g. Therefore the number of gluons changes not only because a quark may radiate a gluon or because a gluon may split into a quark-antiquark pair or into two gluons, but also because a gluon can split into two tensor-gluons. The process of gluon splitting suggests that part of the proton momentum which was carried by neutral partons is shared between vector and tensor gluons. We derive evolution equations for the parton distribution functions which take into account these new processes. The momentum sum rule allows to find the tensor-gluons contribution to the Callan-Simanzik beta function and to calculate the corresponding anomalous dimensions. This contribution changes the behavior of the structure functions, and the logarithmic correction to the Bjorken scaling becomes more mild. This also influences the unification scale at which the coupling constants of the Standard Model merge, shifting its value to lower energies of order of 40 TeV.

2013

Historically, a culture’s cosmology was an explanation of the origin and a justification for its most significant beliefs. Scientists are actively engaged in understanding new observations regarding our universe. There is agreement that achieving a new level of understanding may require an extension to what has been observed to date about fundamental interactions, matter and energy. This paper is a summary of work by the author building on the best measurements made by physicists, astronomers and cosmologists. Of specific interest are the topics of force unification, gravitational theory, definition of space and time, dark energy and cold dark matter.