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2015
The IETF is developed Network Mobility Basic Support (NEMO BSP) to support session continuity and reachability to the Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) as one unit while they move. While NEMO move and attached to different networks, it needs to register the MNNs. This function of registration decreases the performance of NEMO. NEMO BSP suffers from some challenges. The most important of these challenges are route optimization, seamless mobility, handover latency and registration time. Binding Update No Sense Drop (BUNSD) Binding Cache Entry (BCE) in Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) is proposed to find a possible solution to MNNs. MNNs that are roaming in a Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain to perform seamless mobility while they are maintaining their session continuity through mobile router (MR). In this paper, BUNSD-LMA is analyzed mathematically with NEMO BS based on handover latency, total packet delivery delay cost, and throughput time during handoff. The analytical result shows that the B...
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2013
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a protocol for building a common and access technology independent of mobile core networks, accommodating various access technologies such as WiMAX, 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WLAN based access architectures. Transient Binding is a mechanism applicable to the mobile node's inter-MAG handover while using a single interface or different interfaces. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (or PMIPv6, or PMIP) is a network-based mobility management protocol This paper proposes an improvement of Proxy Mobile Ipv6 in the aspect of reducing packet loss and hand over latency. Proxy Mobile IPv6 also implements additional features not present in IPv4. This paper proposes an improvement in the Proxy Mobile IPv6.The extension of Proxy Mobile IPv6 with transient binding will support multihoming and optimizes the handover. Here the handover problem in multihoming is reduced by transient binding by using modified Local Mobility Anchor (m-LMA) with its updated Binding Cache Entry (u-BCE). Also this mechanism efficiently supports the uplink and downlink packets between mobile nodes, so it avoids superfluous packet forwarding delay and packet loss.
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2014
Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) is considered as the most widespread network mobility protocol at the present time which is a logical extension of the MIPv6 operation. Hence, Location Update (LU) procedure of NEMO BSP is almost similar to MIPv6 registration apart from setting of the MR flag and sending of prefix in the Binding Update (BU). However, in NEMO network, providing an uninterrupted Internet connectivity during handoff (seamless handoff) is still an open issue for the current researchers in terms of handoff delay, packet loss, service disruption time and signaling overhead respectively. To concentrate on these issues, in this study, an Intra Domain Mobility scheme in NEMO (IDM-NEMO) is proposed that aims to reduce signaling overhead by incorporating an improved version of Fast HMIPv6 scheme with NEMO network to attain continuous Internet connectivity at the time of movement from one subnet to another. Additionally, in order to analyze the location update cost, a mathematical model has been developed and compared with the standard NEMO BSP. The analytical result demonstrates that the proposed scheme reduced location update cost by 52% than that of NEMO-BSP.
Journal of Computer Science
Problem statement: Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) is the forms of the backbone for next generation wireless internet technology to provide uninterrupted network service while a node on the move. The original MIP use Home Agent to forward the traffic. Thus, it does not have problem with simultaneous mobility, i.e., the special case when both end nodes are mobile and move at about the same time. However, MIPv6 uses location binding updates which sent directly to a correspondent node to complete its registration. Thus, MIPv6 is vulnerable to the simultaneous mobility problem which leads to the interruption of communication and cause messages lost, especially protocol messages. Approach: This article analyzed the simultaneous and successive fast mobility problems and handover latency. Then propose a mechanism by adopting technique to the mobile node's Home Agent. Results: We simulated the proposed scheme using ns-2 and we present and analyze the performance testing for the proposed scheme by comparing it with the conventional MIPv6. Conclusion: Simulation results showed this scheme can effectively resolve simultaneous and successive mobility problems and reduce the handover latency which is affected by long registration time.
Computer Networks, 2013
IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2000
Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, 2003
Mobile IPv6 (MlPv6) has some limitations due to long delays and signaling load during handover operation. Hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is the extension of MIPv6 that is designed to reduce the signaling load and to improve handover speed of MIPv6 by splitting the mobility management into macro and micro mobility management schemes. However HMIPv6 only improves micro mobility problem where
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2013
NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As MIPv6 and its enhancements (i.e. HMIPv6) possess some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. Network Mobility (NEMO) is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it's Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff. Hence it is essential to upgrade the performance of mobility management protocol to obtain continuous session connectivity with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment. The completion of handoff process in NEMO BSP usually takes longer period since MR needs to register its single primary care of address (CoA) with home network that may cause performance degradation of the applications running on Mobile Network Nodes. Moreover, when a change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs which eventually results in temporary congestion, packet delays or even packet loss. This effect is particularly significant for wireless environment where a wireless link is not as steady as a wired link since bandwidth is relatively limited in wireless link. Hence, providing continuous Internet connection without any interruption through applying multihoming technique and route optimization mechanism in NEMO are becoming the center of attention to the current researchers. In this paper, we propose a handoff cost model to compare the signaling cost of MM-NEMO with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) and HMIPv6.The numerical results shows that the signaling cost for the MM-NEMO scheme is about 69.6 % less than the NEMO-BSP and HMIPv6.
Sigplan Notices, 2008
Current IP-level mobility protocols have difficulties meeting the stringent handover delay requirements of future wireless networks. At the same time they do not give sufficient control to the network to control the handover process. This paper presents an extension to Proxy Mobile IP, which is the favorite IP level mobility protocol for the 3GPP System Architecture Evolution / Long Term Evolution (SAE/LTE). The extension, Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6), aims at solving or reducing the control and handover problem. An elementary analysis shows that FPMIPv6 can significantly reduce the handover latency and the loss of packets during handover, especially if handovers can be predicted a few tens of milliseconds before they occur.
Mobile IP, the current IETF proposal for IP mobility support, represents a key element for future All-IP wireless networks to provide service continuity while on the move within a multi-access environment. We conducted a performance evaluation of Mobile IPv6 and its proposed enhancements, i.e., Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6, Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 and our proposed combination of them, using the network simulator ns-2 for the case of a ‘hot spot’ deployment scenario. The simulation scenario comprises four access routers and up to 50 mobile nodes that communicate in accordance with the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. The study provides quantitative results of the performance improvements obtained by the proposed enhancements as observed by a single mobile user with respect to handoff latency, packet loss rate and achieved bandwidth per station. As a complementary part of the study, the signaling load costs associated with the performance improvements provided by the enhancements has been analyzed. The simulation environment allowed us also to investigate the behavior of the protocol in extreme cases, e.g., under channel saturation conditions and considering different traffic sources: CBR, VoIP, Video and TCP transfers. While some simulation results corroborate the intention of the protocols specifications, other results give insights not easily gained without performing simulations. This study provides a deep understanding of the overall performance of the various protocols and supports the design process of a Mobile IPv6-based network when a decision of whether it is appropriate to implement any of the proposed Mobile IPv6 enhancements has to be made.
International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications (IJCNA), 2020
Amount of Internet traffic has increased significantly in recent times. Penetration of mobile and handheld devices in the society is also remarkable. In order to address the user demands and seamless mobility in IP networks like the Internet, there is a need to have efficient mobility management protocols and architectures. This is required to address various issues that arise due to users' mobility. Such protocols and architectures should intend to provide better service quality to the end users. Protocols like Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) have been established as widely accepted mobility solutions for IP based wireless networks which has also been standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Three Layer MIPv6 (TLMIPv6) strives to provide seamless mobility management under mobile environment. In this paper, MIPv6, HMIPv6, PMIPv6 and TLMIPv6 are thoroughly surveyed. These protocols are also examined under different mobility models to evaluate respective performances. Three mobility models: (1) Random Walk Mobility Model, (2) Probabilistic Random Walk Mobility Model and (3) Gauss-Markov Mobility Model are exploited to model the mobility of users, in order to analyze the performance of the protocols. Future scope of the work has also been outlined.
IPv6 mobility management is one of the most challenging research topics for enabling mobility service in the forthcoming mobile wireless ecosystems. The Internet Engineering Task Force has been working for developing efficient IPv6 mobility management protocols. As a result, Mobile IPv6 and its extensions such as Fast Mobile IPv6 and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 have been developed as host-based mobility management protocols. While the host-based mobility management protocols were being enhanced, the network-based mobility management protocols such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) have been standardized. In this paper, we analyze and compare existing IPv6 mobility management protocols including the recently standardized PMIPv6 and FPMIPv6. We identify each IPv6 mobility management protocol's characteristics and performance indicators by examining handover operations. Then, we analyze the performance of the IPv6 mobility management protocols in terms of handover latency, handover blocking probability, and packet loss. Through the conducted numerical results, we summarize considerations for handover performance.
2011
Abstract: Recently, ITEF standardized the management mechanism of NEMO BSP to support Network Mobility which is an extension of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) that inherits all the drawbacks of Mobile IPv6, such as inefficient routing path, single point of failure, high handover latency, packet loss, and high packet overhead. Therefore route optimization and multihoming technique in NEMO is becoming most important area for current researcher.
2013
In NEMO network, handoff is the process in which the Serving MR (SMR) needs to change its point of attachment to the network when it moves from one network to another new network. Usually during handover, firstly the SMR needs to be disconnected from the old network and then it gets connected to a new network. Thus there is a possibility to lose the connectivity from the Internet as well as its Home Agent (HA) and Correspondent Nodes (CNs). During this time, it becomes difficult to send or receive any data packets which results in packet loss and delay. Accordingly for real time applications that depend on timely packet delivery within certain acceptable thresholds will be sensitive to the length of time a SMR loses connectivity while performing handover. In case of this type of applications seamless handoff is generally expected which includes both features i.e. smooth (no or very little packet loss) as well as fast (low delay) handoff. But in accordance with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), only one primary Care of Address (CoA) of SMR can be registered with home agent, which affects the handoff performance resulting packet loss and delay. This paper presents an enhanced macro mobility management scheme for NEMO network which integrates improved FHMIPv6 with mobile networks. The main idea of the proposed macro mobility scheme is to apply the improved fast handoff mechanism for the SMR handoff with its Local Fixed Node (LFN) in NEMO network in order to achieve seamless handoff in terms of packet loss and delay. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using simulation approach. The simulation is done using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation result shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms of packet loss (packet loss less than 6%).
IPv6 More than A Protocol, 2005
—Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group is standardizing a network-based localized mobility management (NETLMM) protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), yet the research on NETLMM is still in its early stage while it has attracted a fair amount of critical attention both in the telecommunication and the Internet communities. Unlike previous host-based mobility management protocols such as Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), and fast handover for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), PMIPv6 has salient features and is expected to expedite the real deployment of IP mobility support protocol by using only collaborative operations between the network entities without mobile node (MN) being involved. In this paper, we analyze and compare the handover latency of PMIPv6 with those of the various existing host-based IP mobility management protocols. In addition, we show good efficacy of the desirable features and key strengths of PMIPv6. Numerical results demonstrate that (1) the handover latency of PMIPv6 is much lower than those of MIPv6 and HMIPv6, and (2) the handover latency of PMIPv6 becomes lower than that of FMIPv6 in case the wireless link delay is greater than the delay between mobile access gateway (MAG) and local mobility anchor (LMA).
International Journal of Computing & Network Technology
One of the main issues with Mobile Internet Protocol (MIP) is slow handovers. Mobility protocols are classified as micro or macro depending on the domain of the network. When macro mobility protocols are used in managing localized mobility requirements, they result in slow handovers and delays that result in loss of packets and make these protocols unsuitable for time sensitive applications. Micro mobility management protocols have been proposed to resolve this issue. Some of these localized protocols are more attractive as they keep mobility restricted to the network that removes the need of having mobility management support in their software stack. In other protocols hosts are involved in mobility management. In this paper we will review the concept of mobility and the mobility protocols available in IPv6. We will discuss proposed protocols aimed at macro and micro mobility management by grouping them according to their host or network based management approach. We will also compare their handover performance.
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