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2014
What brought the concentration of people to certain areas? And how much are households prepared to pay in exchange for being part of such concentrations? Focusing on the Tokyo metropolitan area, which is one of the world’s largest urban areas, this paper aggregates individual data relating to urban amenities in small areas and explores its relationship to population concentration, as well as clarifying its relationship to rent (housing service prices). It is understood from the obtained results that a concentration f urban amenities produces population concentration and also raises housing rent. In addition, it is shown that when measuring the degree of amenity concentration, it is the diversity of amenities, not simply the total number of amenities that is important. Concentration of diverse amenities enhances an area’s appeal, and as a result, households will seek to reside there even if rents are high. Among the various types of amenities, it was observed that amenities such as r...
Papers in Regional Science, 2005
The basic model of residential choice, which has been established by generalizing Von Thünen's concept to an urban context, states that the equilibrium structure of residential land use is determined by the trade-off between accessibility and space. The willingness to sacrifice space for accessibility differs between households and depends on household income. The equilibrium land use is the outcome of the interplay between the income elasticity of space consumption and the income elasticity of commuting outlays. The primary purpose of this article is to extend the basic model by incorporating a location-dependent quality of the environment. The proposed model examines the locational consequences of household choice as influenced by a complicated interplay among three factors: the income elasticity of housing demand, the income elasticity of commuting costs, and the location-dependent amenity schedule. The equilibrium land use is contrasted for two types of cities: the case 1 city in which the level of amenities increases toward the urban fringe, and the case 2 city in which the level of amenities is assumed to decrease as one moves toward the urban fringe.
2000
Housing policy formulation should be informed by a careful understanding of the behaviour of the housing market, as reflected by housing demand. Such basic information is important, not only for improved project design but also for the development of better sector-wide policies. Housing is a complex outcome of cultural, economic and regulatory environment. Consistent estimates of price and income elasticity of housing demand are prerequisites for effective policy design. Results, from earlier studies on Japanese housing markets, are inconclusive and the estimates of price and income elasticity of housing demand vary over a wide range. It may be argued that measuring the volume of housing services as housing expenditure, as is done in previous research, essentially ignores the heterogeneity, and for large number of policy purposes like impact of tax on tenure choice, choice between owning and renting etc., the distribution of housing consumption into qualitatively different categories is of more interest than an aggregate qualitative measure of housing expenditure alone. This paper analyzes the demand for housing in Tokyo using a discrete choice model. Three dimensions of choice, tenure, dwelling size (as number of rooms) and structure type (as type of unit) determine demand for housing which are modeled simultaneously. The income elasticity of market share of ownership house is positive and ranges between 0.16 to 0.34. However, income elasticity for rental houses is negative ranging between -0.17 to -0.57. The own price elasticities vary over a large range from -0.03 to -5.1 with smaller in magnitude for ownership houses and larger for rental houses.
Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2018
2021
The urban real estate market is shaped by spatially varying environmental and social determinants, such as the valuation of green spaces, proximity to transport, and distance to central business districts. Among all the spatially varying relationships between prices and housing characteristics, some tend to vary at a global spatial scale, whereas others vary at a local spatial scale. This study applies a random model to specify multi-scale spatial heterogeneity in the rental housing market by utilizing residential rent data in the Tokyo metropolitan area from 2017. The results show that spatially varying determinants impact rental housing prices at the global, moderate, and local scales. Further, we find that the estimation is flexible because the random model determines the spatial scale of each regression coefficient.
Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, 2000
This paper reports on the estimation of housing demand for tenants in Tokyo Metropolitan Region using household level data for 1993. The results indicate that the rental housing demand is inelastic with respect to permanent income and price, with coefficients as 0.31 and -0.093 respectively. Other important variables, which determine housing demand for tenants are length of stay and type of household. Larger households demand more housing. However, keeping the size of household constant, households with elderly members have higher demand for housing. The only exception to the rule is households formed with members not belonging to same nucleus family demand less housing.
Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ)
After legalizing Short-Term Rentals (STR) in Japan "Minpaku", a new type of accommodation is allocated in the residential buildings. Main objectives: 1) Examine the general trends of STR in Tokyo and potential impacts on the rental market. 2) Assess the Sense of community inside buildings, and STR's effect on the social context. Results showed a possible impact on the longterm rental market. A Survey based on the introduced constructs: "The Sense of Community in closed micro-communities" and "Intangible Commons" showed that sense of community could be affected by STR's presence, building scale, apartments' arrangement, and the type of tenure. The last few years have witnessed the rise of the sharing economy within the framework of sharing goods instead of owning them 1). Consequently, we can define sharing economy as peer to peer activity for sharing access to goods, with the assistance and management of online community platforms 2). Sharing economy has burst onto the scene with fields that have a great relation to the city like the mobility sector (car-sharing) and the accommodation sector (apartments and rooms rentals). The well-known platforms are being Uber, Airbnb and all the similar platforms. On June 2017, with the approval of private lodgings business law in Japan (Minpaku law), a new kind of accommodation is now officially set in the residential zones in Japan in general, and in Tokyo in specific as it is the most visited touristic destination in Japan. The law mainly allows people-after getting official registration-to rent their homes entirely or partially, for a duration up to 180 days per year, also giving local municipalities the authority to have their own rules if needed. The exchange of accommodations between people was done informally around the world along history, but nowadays with the presence of the internet it is developed exponentially and has new characteristics. Online platforms have somehow removed the barrier of trust between the renter and the host by using the rating system and reviews. Also, having a customer service that manages any problems and controls the money transfer, made more customers willing to use these online services. The number of listings in Tokyo on the biggest website for these rentals (Airbnb) increased from ~12000 to ~20200 from 2015 to April 2018. In addition to the other listings from other sites like FlipKey, HomeAway, Booking, and others. These rentals increased with the boom of tourism in Japan and may upsurge with the upcoming Olympics. Also, with the surge of new types of tourists who prefer to live in real residential buildings to feel the Japanese experience while costing less. This business is attracting individual and corporates for its lucrative income. But this comes with a price, as there was no specific framework for the integration of these rentals-and their inhabitants-within the residential areas, this raised the fear between residents from disturbing the sense of residential satisfaction, affecting the sense of community, and the potential of partial gentrification and increase of rents price in some areas. On the other hand, the place is shaped by the people who share it purposely or accidentally. A neighborhood's identity is formed by the unique experiences, services, and practices that those people add for the period of time they stayed there. The owner/host is still sharing this space with the other members of the building and the neighborhood, by the professionalization of Short-term rentals (STR) business, he is choosing the disengagement from his community (building or neighborhood), and he transforms his own space into a commodity.
Working paper, 2022
As house prices continue to rise in large, supply-constrained cities, what are the implications for other places that have room to grow? Recent literature suggests that amenities that improve quality of life are becoming increasingly important in location decisions. In this paper, we explore how location amenities have differentially driven population and price dynamics in small towns versus big cities, with a focus on the role of housing supply. We provide theory and evidence that demand for high-amenity locations has increased in recent decades. High-amenity counties in large metropolitan areas have experienced relatively higher price increases, while high-amenity counties in small metros and rural areas have absorbed increased demand through population growth. This divergence in population dynamics between big cities and small towns was driven by domestic migration, with high-amenity small towns and rural areas experiencing significant domestic in-migration.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017
Asian Studies, 2011
This study aims to clarify the correlation between the transformation of the Japanese housing market and the increasing number of single-person households in Japan, with a special focus on the supply of compact condominiums. In order to achieve the abovementioned purpose, the changes in the Japanese housing market and diversification of the Japanese household structure are described. Finally, the features of the supply strategies of condominium suppliers, which reflect the diversification of the household structure and increasing need for condominiums by single-person households in central Tokyo, are examined.
Journal of Urban Economics, 1986
Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2002
In Japan, the number of houses available exceeds the demand in all prefectures. Improving housing quality has gained importance over building new dwelling stock. The thrust of housing policies and programs in Japan is to improve housing quality. Housing quality is a very loosely defined term, and there is no consensus in the housing literature on its measurement. The present paper proposes the use of the hedonic approach to estimate a quantifiable measure of housing quality in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region ͑TMR͒. The objective of this paper is to compare housing quality in the five prefectures of the TMR and among six tenures of housing choice. The results indicate that the condition of rental housing in general is poor.
2015
Housing policy formulation should be informed by a careful understanding of the behaviour of the housing market, as reflected by housing demand. Such basic information is important, not only for improved project design but also for the development of better sector-wide policies. Housing is a complex outcome of cultural, economic and regulatory environment. Consistent estimates of price and income elasticity of housing demand are prerequisites for effective policy design. Results, from earlier studies on Japanese housing markets, are inconclusive and the estimates of price and income elasticity of housing demand vary over a wide range. It may be argued that measuring the volume of housing services as housing expenditure, as is done in previous research, essentially ignores the heterogeneity, and for large number of policy purposes like impact of tax on tenure choice, choice between owning and renting etc., the distribution of housing consumption into qualitatively different categorie...
Journal of Urban Economics, 1983
Journal of Housing and The Built Environment, 2022
Numerous studies have found that jobs, amenities, and location influence housing prices in urban areas. However, there is still a lack of in-depth understanding of the impacts of these factors on various housing submarkets within a city. With the case study of Xiamen, this paper investigates the impacts of jobs, amenities, and location on four housing submarkets, classified by owner-occupied and rental housing, in inner and outer districts. The hedonic model, Chow test, and Tiao-Goldberger test are applied to analyze differentiation in the determinants of housing prices between four submarkets. The results show that all submarkets are influenced by blue-collar jobs (which have negative effects) and seascape (which has a positive impact). Besides, differentiated after submarkets show that school districts and public transportation have a greater influence on owner-occupied markets than on rental markets. A heterogeneity exists between inner-district and outer-district markets. For instance, bus rapid transit (BRT) has a positive effect on housing and rental prices in the outer districts but not in the inner districts. These differences are mainly caused by the disparities of spatial quality, economic development, and public facilities and amenities. The findings have profound implications for decision-making and planning practices.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of urban inequality in the Stockholm Metropolitan Area analyzing the spatial distribution of amenities and their accessibility. Inequality in urban amenities is measured by a multidimensional index that can be decomposed into the sum of inequality indices computed on the marginal distributions of amenities across locations plus a residual term accounting for their joint distribution. Our research leverages a unique dataset that combines income data for approximately 200,000 geocoded individuals residing in the metropolitan area with information from the OpenStreetMap platform, enabling us to examine the distribution of both natural and urban design-related amenities. Furthermore, we integrate data from online platforms to analyze the housing market, merging it with geocoded information. Our findings reveal moderate levels of inequality in amenities within the Stockholm Metropolitan Area, with social segregation emerging as the primary dri...
Divided Tokyo, 2020
This chapter examines the generation of Tokyo's division over time by focusing on the changes in national and municipal policies on urban planning, land use, and housing, as well as the outcomes of these long-term trajectories since the 1950s onward. By comparing with the Western urban discourse, we clarify the process of how Tokyo became divided in terms of residential conditions. The national government focused on the growth of major metropolitan areas, stimulating suburban development and homeownership in the suburbs from the 1950s to the 1980s. However, after the late 1990s, the target shifted from the suburbs to the city centers. Alongside global competition among cities, the long-term recession of the Japanese economy, and social changes, continuous investment to grow central Tokyo has increased in importance. In contrast, suburban neighborhoods are facing challenges related to an aging population and an increase in housing vacancies. Although government intervention is necessary, there are limited possibilities for the outer suburbs to revitalize and re-grow. The sharp contrast between the growth in city centers and the shrinking suburbs, and specifically the divided Tokyo, will become more obvious in the next decade. Keywords Housing policy • Regulations • Urban development • Urban governance • Spatial restructuring • Tokyo 2.1 Purpose of the Study For centuries, cities have faced challenges caused by the horizontal expansion of urban areas, such as urban sprawl, health and sanitary issues, and inhumane housing conditions (Mumford 1961). After the 1970s, globalization and neo-liberalization brought new urban challenges to cities in developed countries. Divided cities (Fainstein et al. 1992), residential segregation (Grobmann et al. 2015; Knox and Pinch 2000), and income polarization (Hulchanski 2010) are among the most discussed issues in urban studies in this context. Debates on the divided city reveal how the globalized economy has transformed the spatial structure of cities such as New York and London. Many global cities have also experienced a transformation in the
2006 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 2006
This paper examines the endogenous dynamics of the social structure of a city where the spatial repartition of amenities is endogenously modified by the spatial repartition of social groups. We start from the well known fact that, in most European cities, central locations are occupied by rich households; while in American cities, they are occupied by poor households. In a standard urban model without amenities, for rich households to locate downtown, their unit transport cost must be very high compared to the poor. Bruckner and alii (1999) show that, when there are historical amenities mainly located in the city center, we no longer need a high differential between transport costs: if demand for amenities by the rich is strong enough, this advantage could attract the rich households in the city centre. This explanation fits well with the fact that the most European cities have a long history, with the consequence that they accumulated many amenities in their city centre.
Urbanization and Emerging Population Issues, Working Papers 12, International Institute for Environment and Development, 2013
Journal of Urban Economics, 1980
Spatial variations in income have not been adequately accounted for in urban density regressions. Estimating equations incorporating household income are derived in a monocentric urban model. The technique used also yields an estimate of the income elasticity of demand for housing, found to be less than one.
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