Eco geo report on poverty

2000

This module illustrates how poverty can be defined in the context of policy impact analysis. After reporting and discussing the definition of poverty as "the lack of, or the inability to achieve, a socially acceptable standard of living", it discusses the monodimensional and multi-dimensional approaches to the definition of poverty. Furthermore, the module focuses on the absolute and the relative concept of poverty, also drawing some analogies and differences with the concept of food security. A stepby-step procedure, illustrated real case examples, are then provided to guide the reader through the process of poverty definition for policy impact analysis.

The review of the different approaches to defining the term “poverty” makes clear that it is uncleared term. The term “poverty” was discovered from outsider point of view(First World) to make them strong and superior than other. They developed this for the purpose of themselves. In my opinion, First world have discovered this term to maintain their hegemony what they have before, they brought this concept to control over third world, to legalize their illegal colonial system through the concept of poverty, to expand their market. Thus I can conclude that the definition of poverty not on the side of the third world but contrary it is on the side of first world to retain their status which they had in colonial period.

2006

United Nations Development Programme T he international development community has had poverty in focus for more than a decade. At summit meetings and other occasions, world leaders have stated and reconfirmed their agreement that poverty must be reduced and eventually eradicated. The political commitment is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for this to happen. Analysts, policy-makers and practitioners need appropriate concepts and dedicated measures to enable progress from rhetoric and general policy statements to action and results on the ground. In this issue of IPC's journal Poverty in Focus we present ten articles intended to throw light on the question of how best to define and measure poverty. Robert Chambers outlines five clusters of meanings and reminds us of the importance of the analysis and views of poor people themselves and their many meanings. When they get to express their views, we get a case for changing language, concepts and measures in development. The key issue is whose reality counts-theirs or ours? Peter Townsend provides an historical perspective of the poverty concept and the setting of poverty lines. Three poverty concepts have evolved, based on ideas of subsistence, basic needs and relative deprivation. Since material needs are socially determined, we need a new international poverty line based on what is required in different countries to surmount material and social deprivation. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr describes the multidimensional poverty measures developed by UNDP's Human Development Reports since 1990, especially the Human Poverty Index (HPI). It shows a large spread of human poverty among countries with similar levels of income poverty and thus, HPI is only weakly correlated with income poverty. Recent HPI trends are also presented and discussed. Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, Ruhi Saith and Frances Stewart analyse empirical evidence to see if and why the definition of poverty matters. They also report on field testing in two developing countries of four different approaches. These are shown to have different implications for policy and also for targeting, since they identify different causes and effects of poverty, and different people as being poor. Gustav Ranis, Frances Stewart and Emma Samman review the various listings of human wellbeing and poverty elements, thus identifying a comprehensive set of dimensions in order to empirically explore whether UNDP's Human Development Index is adequate or needs to be supplemented. They show that assessing human development fully requires a broader set of indicators. Peter Edward outlines a moral concept of absolute poverty and defines an Ethical Poverty Line derived from globally standardised and ethically justifiable wellbeing indicators. Applying it to actual income data shows that world poverty by a moral definition is much larger than by current measures, and so is the required global income redistribution. Lord Meghnad Desai finds the definitions of absolute poverty static, calorific, asocial and atheoretical. He proposes a new poverty line to be based on the need to maintain individual labour capacities intact, thus connecting to health, nutrition and monetary measures. Ravi Kanbur considers the conundrums of measuring poverty when populations change and analyses three population size scenarios-increased, decreased and unchanged, but with churning around the poverty line. He delivers some remarkable points to consider. Nanak Kakwani proposes a multidimensional poverty concept that is causally linked to command over economic resources. He argues for an income poverty line that reflects the cost of achieving basic human needs. Sabine Alkire in response to Kakwani argues that it is not the cause of poverty that matters, but what is actionable by public policy. There are many ways to measure capability deprivation. The debate ends, for now, with a rejoinder by Kakwani. We wish you an informative and valuable reading of this issue of Poverty in Focus.

“It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but,on the contrary, their social existence determines their consciousness. Karl Marx The term poverty was used long before social sciences conceived the idea of dividing society into different compartments and came up with the concept of social stratification. Poverty is a vague and value loaded concept. Consider the term „poverty‟ as explained in Random House Dictionary1as “the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support”. Similarly, Valentine (1968)2 refers to poverty as “a condition of being in want of something that is needed, desired or generally recognized as having value”. According Gupta (1984)3 poverty “differs in denotation in accordance with culture and economic development”.

Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, 2008

https://www.ijhsr.org/IJHSR_Vol.7_Issue.5_May2017/IJHSR_Abstract.051.html, 2017

Objectives: There is no single "correct" definition of poverty. However, there is consensus that any definition of poverty needs to acknowledge particular social, economic and cultural contexts. Different meanings of poverty results in different policy implementations in the context of human poverty. There is also less agreement as to whether objective or subjective definitions and measurements of poverty are more valid. Participatory approaches however point to the need to let people define for themselves what it means to be poor and define the magnitude, causes and consequences of being poor. The major focus of this paper was to clarify, explain and define the concept of poverty. Methods: A concept analysis of poverty was done using the eight steps of Walker and Avant's strategic method. Initially 20 articles from 1995-2017 were reviewed. Seven articles were later dropped and thirteen articles were finally reviewed to deduce the definition of poverty. Results: The main antecedents of poverty identified in literature include ignorance, laziness, and lack of skill, lack of capital, dependency, poor infrastructure, unemployment, dishonesty and presence of diseases. Attributes of poverty identified in literature include lack of adequate income, ill-being, and lack of capability and functioning, lack of assets and material things, vulnerability, lack of education, social exclusion, and deprivation, powerless and voiceless. The resultant consequences of poverty were severe diseases, hunger, malnutrition, increased morbidity and mortality from illness, school dropping out, social discrimination, corruption, abuse and lack of general services. Empirical referents which are fundamental to poverty for future health and poverty research methodology in poverty eradication include Human Development Index (HDI) and Human Poverty Index(HPI). These indices are helpful in mapping poverty differences between countries and view poverty trends over time. Conclusion: The definition of poverty provided in this concept analysis will facilitate proper interpretation of the meaning of poverty and standardization of tools used to measure and monitor poverty. Poverty eradication purports to positively affect the economic growth of nations and hence improve the well-being of individuals.

2013

Poverty is an undesirable and intolerable state of affairs which is considered as a social, economic, political or psychological problem. The word suggests that individuals or groups who are in poverty have to be helped to change their conditions. The reduction or eradication (if possible) of this poverty problem has now become the primary focus of the socio-economic development polices of developing world governments. There is therefore the need to have a yardstick to identify the poor, tools to measure the depth of their poverty which will then assist policy makers to assess their policy impact. This paper which forms part of a literature search and review of poverty for the author’s PhD Thesis attempts to do just that. It first puts poverty in context and considers it as the absence of well-being. It explains the phenomenon and thereafter provides analysis of a wide range of measurements both qualitative and quantitative. How to use these measurements are then explained.