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2015
RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical issues and contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email: [email protected] for feedback to the Editor RSIS Commentaries, Mr Yang Razali Kassim.
JOMENAS Press, 2019
International cooperation in the South China Sea among ASEAN countries in the current context has become an urgent need. To well implement international cooperation, the concerned countries should have consultations based on scientific assessments of practices and prospects. In that spirit, the article will contribute to elucidating the current status of international cooperation in the sea in a number of specific areas now between national countries in the South China Sea and make judgments about development Hope in the future. Maritime Cooperation in the current context is an urgent need for most maritime areas worldwide. Since international cooperation on the sea, countries strengthen building trust, promoting marine economic development and reducing the risk of conflict. Due to the history of the South China Sea, there are many conflicting disagreements over sovereignty disputes, sovereignty rights, and national jurisdiction. Sea and island sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea have many complex developments both in the field and in bilateral and multilateral diplomatic forums. Therefore, international cooperation in the South China Sea among ASEAN countries in the current context has become an urgent need, this issue needs to be researched deeply to contribute to policy consultations. This article contributes to clarifying the current status of international cooperation in the sea in some specific areas between countries in the South China Sea and making judgments about the prospects in the coming time.
Conference Proceedings on 2nd Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations, 2012
The ASEAN is once again at the forefront of a super power rivalry, this time between the US and China with the South China Sea as its setting. Against the increasing security dilemma in the South China Sea and threat of great power rivalry, a change in the characterization of the region's security outlook from an essentially military definition to comprehensive security is necessary. This refers to interdependence and cooperation in economic development, scientific research, and a general enhancement of human interactions. The establishment of an ASEAN-led maritime regime against piracy could initiate the foundation for a resolution to the South China Sea disputes and encourage cooperation and foster understanding in Sino-US rivalry in the region.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012
China, ASEAN and the US remain the most significant players in the South China Sea. Relationships among the triangle set the tone for the situation in the South China Sea. In recent years, action-reaction cycle in the South China Sea has increased tension in the region, deteriorated relations between China and its neighboring countries, posed challenges for ASEAN in maintaining centrality in the regional security structure, and strengthened US determination to "rebalance" toward Asia. The South China Sea issue has become the bellwether for how China will rise peacefully and play by established rules, a test case for the US in sustaining its supremacy in the region and a challenger for ASEAN unity. This paper will explore the interests and policy of China, ASEAN and the US in the South China Sea, analyze the interrelationships within the triangle in recent years and envisage its implications for regional stability.
Bussecon Review of Social Sciences (2687-2285)
This article analyzes the status quo and cooperation mechanism between ASEAN and China, mainly, the non-traditional security issues in the South China Sea space (SCS). The non-traditional security threats confronting the SCS are complex, diverse and enormous. Amongst those are transnational maritime crimes, marine disaster threat, marine ecological environmental threat, and resource scarcity. Recent trends have demonstrated that the established regimes between ASEAN and China, for non-traditional security cooperation in the SCS, are fragmented mainly due to the absence of integrated and long-term mechanisms. Three reasons hinder the acceleration of the cooperation process: interference from outside powers, insufficient mutual political trust between China and ASEAN members, claimants and divergence of interests in advancing the Code of Conduct (COC) in the SCS. This article aims to analyze the problems and the causes existing between China and ASEAN in dealing with non-traditional s...
2017
The disputes occur after the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea decides the rights and responsibilities of nations to undersea resources in adjacent waters; it pushes some nations throughout the world to expand their control over the seas or even to claim. In the South China Sea, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands are in dispute that involves China, Taiwan, and several ASEAN member countries such as Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. South China Sea is one of the most important waterways in the world with abundant oil, natural gas reserves, fisheries and marine resources, so it has strategic value whether it facilitates economic or security activities throughout Asia. However, the disputes have threatened other country's citizen activities near the disputed territory. This paper aims at analyzing how Indonesia through ASEAN responds to the South China Sea as the territorial dispute. Since 1992, ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea called on all nations...
Journal of business and social development, 2023
In recent years, the South China Sea (SCS) has become the source of tension between China and members of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN). SCS is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean with huge economic and strategic importance, besides an abundance of natural resources. The sea and its islands are surrounded by many countries with overlapping claims of maritime boundaries. Besides China, other claimants include Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Brunei. China's claim is based on a "9-dash line" that covers a large part of the sea, spanning from the southern part of the country to the waters off Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo. Lately, the Beijing government has become more assertive by occupying various islands in the Sea, building military installations and conducting patrols. Many high-risk incidents have occurred between Chinese patrol vessels and ships of other nations, especially the United States Navy as it tries to maintain freedom of navigation. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the maritime disputes between China and ASEAN countries in SCS. It also discusses the role that China and ASEAN can play in resolving conflicts. Based on an analysis of SCS disputes and current state affairs, this article proposes that both China and ASEAN must uphold peaceful principles in resolving their differences.
2005
The Working Paper argues that the maritime disputes over the South China Sea are characterised by a strategic and diplomatic status quo. China does so far not have the necessary power projection to impose naval hegemony in the South China Sea. None of the ASEAN claimants can rely on sufficient naval power or an external military alliance to impose their claims in the Spratly Islands. A similar situation of status quo exists on the diplomatic front. China and the ASEAN countries have been negotiating for years to conclude a code of conduct for the South China Sea. The 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea is based on a multilateral dimension as well as on a convergence of views on the need to peacefully manage the dispute. While a step in the right direction, the declaration is only an interim political agreement and it is still to be seen whether the parties will sign a detailed and binding code of conduct for the South China Sea. The Working Paper starts...
2015
• Asia's maritime security environment has deteriorated since 2009, amid an increasingly illtempered discourse over competing historical and legal claims to sovereignty over maritime territories. Disputes have escalated into tit-for-tat actions at sea that have included naval skirmishes and provocative land reclamation projects. • This research paper evaluates four fundamental dimensions of tensions in the East China Sea and South China Sea: geostrategic balance, national identity politics, regional and domestic institutions, and international maritime law. The paper's focus is on China. • The authors argue that the maritime domain embodies unique risks that require different solutions from those deriving from a Westphalian notion of statehood and land-based projection of power. While there is no rolling back the naval modernization efforts of Asian powers, the United States and China in particular need to exercise statesmanship. They need to forge the requisite political will for cooperation by all parties, in order to expand strategic options beyond a reductive Cold War-esque calculus. • We encourage Asian countries to explore a range of instruments and institutions of collective commitment, voluntary compliance and dispute resolution-from bilateral agreements on fisheries management to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)-in support of shared values on sustainable development of ocean resources and freedom of navigation. • We argue that there is no global best practice in governing maritime commons, but Asians could draw on diverse references that include the European experience with the Arctic Council. • Asian regionalism has traditionally been weak in incorporating non-state interests. A breakthrough in maritime governance will depend on the representation of a broad constituency that encompasses trading sectors, fisheries, energy and transport industries, scientific communities, NGOs, think-tanks, environmental activists and local communities. Box 2: Timeline-the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dec 2008: Two vessels from the China Marine Surveillance (CMS) force entered the territorial waters around the islands in an apparent bid to scuttle a gasfield agreement between Japan and China. This marked the first time that Chinese government ships had entered what Japan views as its sovereign territorial waters in the area. Sep 2010: The Japanese coastguard arrested the captain of a Chinese trawler after the latter collided with two Japanese patrol vessels in the disputed waters near the islands. 2011-12: On three occasions, Chinese government ships entered these waters: in August 2011 (two vessels from the Bureau of Fisheries Administration), March 2012 (one CMS vessel) and July 2012 (three vessels from the Bureau of Fisheries Administration).
Asian Review 26, 2013., 2013
The South China Sea has sea lanes of global significance, rich fishing grounds, and potentially vast oil and gas reserves. ASEAN members are in conflict over China’s claims in the area, but are working towards a binding code of conduct. Unity within ASEAN and continued diplomatic efforts will be essential to preventing disputes leading to armed conflict. By solving its internal inconsistencies and achieving stability, ASEAN will be able to promote its centrality in the region’s security architecture as well as its importance in the global arena.
Security Dialogue, 2003
This article investigates whether the South China Sea is a source of internal disagreement or unity in ASEAN. It argues that when the focus is on the possibilities of cooperation beyond what is necessary for regional peace and stability, five different member-state groupings can be identified according to their outlook on the desirable level of US and Chinese regional engagement, their support for a dialogue focusing on Sino-Southeast Asian cooperation and their views on the scope of a code of conduct. By contrast, when addressing the prospects of coexistence, unity prevails within ASEAN. The memberstates are in agreement that Southeast Asia cannot opt out of the structure of deterrence that is consolidated between the USA and China. In addition, they agree that a practice of consultation and a conservative code of conduct between Southeast Asia and China will contribute to peace and stability by offering assurance that pending disputes in the South China Sea will be settled by the indigenous powers through peaceful means and will remain separate from the outer structure of strategic competition.
KMI International Journal of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2010
The South China Sea provides a critical passage to a significant volume of global seaborne trade and a lifeline for East Asian economies which depend on energy imports from the Middle East. The Sea also features stunning mega biodiversity and rich fishing ground and is believed to contain prolific deposits of hydrocarbon energy resources. Several nations in the region are involved in overlapping territorial claims in the Sea. Some claimants have defended their interests in a vigorous manner which have led to conflicts and in the Sea. It is feared that if not managed and settled amicably, these claims may turn the Sea into a flashpoint that will threaten regional prosperity and stability. This paper highlights the economic and strategic importance of this strategic body of water as a prelude to discussing the overlapping claims by several nations on parts of the sea. It warns against overzealous acts by nations to stake their claims that may pose a threat to security, stability and prosperity in the region and may invite the presence of outside powers keen to capitalize on such situation. It strongly advocates using trade and economic development as a common denominators to foster cooperation among the nations as a way to ease tension arising from their claims in the sea. The paper recommends several policy optionsincluding introducing a binding Code of Conduct, exploring joint exploration and increasing cooperation in are s such as navigation safety and resource managementtowards making the Sea a platform of prosperity for its littoral nations.
Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad, 2020
The asymmetric distribution of power in the Asian maritime region is favoring China, increasing the apprehension of its neighbors that, faced with their evident vulnerability, fear about Beijing's intentions. In this context, the balance of power maintains the status quo and limits China's behavior against other coastal countries. Given the disparity of military and economic power between Southeast Asia and China, this balance can only be achieved with the intervention of an extra-regional power, the United States. The renewed American participation as a guarantor of regional security has created new bonds of strategic dependence for Southeast Asia, which in turn have economies that mainly rely on China. The South China Sea conflict is then posing two dilemmas for the region: China's increasing economic leverage and Washington's reactive and challenging Indo-Pacific policy, which might make a stalemate in the maritime conflict possible.
Office of Strategic Studies and Strategy Management Digest, Vol XX, No.2, 2015
This paper examines the limitations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN’) approach in managing the South China Sea dispute. It observes that since the mid- 1990s, the ASEAN member states have tried to manage this territorial row by attempting to embed China into its system of diplomatic consultations and confidence-building measures. This system is aimed at building mutual trust among small and medium size powers on a multilateral basis with the eventual goals of mitigating existing disputes, and finding means of resolving them. Unfortunately, China has prevented the ASEAN member states from pulling it into this system. Ironically, China has succeeded in dividing these small powers, and in effect, weakening ASEAN as a regional organization. This development, however, led the United States and Japan to balance China from achieving its long-term objective in the disputed waters—“Prevailing in its struggle to defend the South China Sea and construct a Great Wall at Sea.” In the long run, the current strategic impasse between China on the one side, and the U.S. and Japan on the other side can lead into a major armed confrontation in the region that can divide ASEAN and cause its irrelevance in the regional power equation.
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2024
The study aims to analyze how ASEAN acts to keep the region from conflicts over the South China Sea. The South China Sea conflict is a conflict that has a major impact on the ASEAN region; it is influenced by the territorial waters owned by several countries in ASEAN according to the United Nations Convention for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982. China’s unilateral claim in 2012 was the beginning of ASEAN’s concerns over the security and stability around the South China Sea and ASEAN waters. This study focuses on ASEAN’s response in response to China’s moves after unilateral claims and the establishment of military fleets around the Spratly and Paracel islands. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) on 2018 is an important response for ASEAN in the face of maritime security threats. Establishment of policy strengthening security cooperation will have a significant impact in the development of stability in the South China Sea region, where the situation in the region worsens with the increasing number of actors involved in the conflict. The findings obtained from this paper aim to explain the analysis of ASEAN schemes to safeguard the territorial waters around the South China Sea
2025
Description: The South China Sea stands as a pivotal maritime region, exerting significant influence on international relations and global geopolitics. The region’s geopolitics are an intricate web of historical, political, and strategic factors. A thorough analysis of the region's dynamics may also inform the impact of rising powers. Therefore, understanding of the South China Sea may lead to a better understanding of the broader context of international relations and global security. Geopolitics of the South China Sea: Power Struggle in Asia provides an exhaustive analysis of the South China Sea's geopolitical importance, elucidating the complex and dynamic interplay among the littoral states and other global powers with vested interests in the region. Covering topics such as conflict de-escalation, international law, and international visibility, this book is an excellent resource for political scientists, government officials, diplomats, policymakers, professionals, researchers, scholars, academicians, and more. Coverage: The many academic areas covered in this publication include, but are not limited to: Australia’s Policy Conflict De-escalation Energy Geopolitics India’s Power Struggle International Law International Visibility Malaysia’s Policy Maritime Dynamics Peacebuilding Philippines’ Politics South China Sea Policy Systemic World Order Taiwan’s Claim Unites States Policy Vietnam’s Strategic Partnership
Working Paper Series, 2022
The South China Sea and the ongoing dispute about territorial waters and exclusive economic zones over it is an issue that needs an inspection from both international relations and economic perspectives, making it a topic fit for commercial diplomacy. This paper aims to assess the investments to the region of China and its main competitor in the region, the USA. These investments can be military, economic, diplomatic, social, and other ways ranging from soft to hard power and to assess from cultural and historical perspectives to find out potential allegiances of the regional actors in this dispute. To determine these allegiances, we need to review first the reality of the situation; historical background, geographical basic information and similar information based on the facts of the region and conflict and some theories of international relations to understand how these facts interact with each other to form the dispute and maybe towards a future where all these conditions play out to a solution.
TEKA , 2016
South China Sea rated geopolitically, economically and strategically. It has been seen as the 'hot spot' that could be a source of tension in East Asia. Nicholas Spykman described the region as the 'Asiatic Mediterranean', while more recently, the term 'Chinese Caribbean' has been gaining favor and popularity, owing mainly to the ever-increasing importance of China in the region its efforts to play the role of a regional hegemon. The disputes in the South China Sea are complex, sometimes misunderstood, and it seems to be very difficult to propose more or less realistic scenarios for the foreseeable future.
International Journal of Science and Society
The South China Sea is a sea that has always attracted the attention of many countries in the world, in this sea there are two major countries in the world competition. The US and China are doing all they can to safeguard their respective national interests in these waters. The US and China are competing and tend to use a lot of military force. This rivalry will slowly threaten the stability of regional security. Indonesia, which has always been trusted by many countries to play an important role in efforts to keep the South China Sea safe from all forms of war, Indonesia, which is also an ASEAN member country, continues to emphasize that ASEAN will not be involved in one of the countries competing in the South China Sea. ASEAN together with Indonesia reminded the US and China to comply with existing international legal rules. This research is a qualitative research with data collection through in-depth interviews. The results of this study show that Indonesia and ASEAN play an impo...
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