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2016
Contemporary cities or regions have complex challenges that require ongoing monitoring enabling intelligent answers in an appropriate period of time. There are many studies that indicate that this monitoring should take into account not only the tangible assets, but also the assets of intellectual capital. Several authors consider that these are the assets that are crucial either in sustainable innovation processes either in the process of developing the necessary reputation for building strong brands, able to attract talented people and investments. Based on the literature review and preliminary studies that compare the metrics for evaluating the intellectual capital of companies with the intellectual capital of the countries, this paper presents a theoretical model supporting the auditing and the mapping of intellectual capital management of cities and regions. This process is based on the creation of sensors for monitoring the intellectual capital and on the evaluation of how the...
Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2004
The governments of cities have to make important decisions on the future of their communities. In the past, the vision, objectives, and goals of cities have been determined mainly by considering tangible assets as the main factors of a city's prosperity. However, in the knowledge economy, the role of intangible assets in wealth creation has become fundamental. As a result, an intangible framework of assets that allows navigation from the present reality to the future vision has become an urgent need for all cities. The paper has two well-defined parts. In the first part, the paper develops a specific methodology and framework for measuring and managing the intellectual capital of cities. In the second, the study deals with the practical application of this model of intellectual capital in cities to the specific case of the city of Mataró, providing some details of the first cities' intellectual capital report.
Ekonomika
The importance of intellectual capital for creating and sustaining competitive advantage of firms has been well established and confirmed in theory and practice. Intellectual resources proved to be the most valuable resources in the process of value creation for various stakeholders. Starting from 1980s onwards, both researchers and practitioners have focused on finding the best solution for measuring intellectual capital in order to enable efficient management and reporting on intellectual capital. Soon after that, their attention switched from an organisational level to the level of cities, regions and national economies. The intellectual capital of a nation has become the most important driver of national wealth. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to examine the concept of national intellectual capital, as well as various measurement methodologies available for valuing the intangible resources of nations. Critical assessment of presented methodologies will give an overview to the policy makers how to identify and value the national intellectual capital in order to increase their national wealth and improve the well-being of their citizens.
The Amfiteatru Economic Journal, 2013
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Knowledge is very important resource for people, organizations, industry sectors, regions and countries. Managing knowledge and intellectual capital create new opportunities and a competitive advantage. The fortunes and values of organizations, industry sectors and regions can increase or decrease depending on how well they create, capture, and leverage their local knowledge. The goal of the paper is to exhibit the concept of intellectual capital (IC) from a country and regional perspective and define intangible assets as knowledge that can be converted into competitive advantage, value or profit. In the recent years, most of the measurement methods designed to measure IC apply at corporate level. Some efforts are being made to present the intellectual capital concept from an industry or regional perspective.
Purpose – This paper aims to explore whether and how the intellectual capital (IC) approach and concepts could be fruitfully adapted to study the smart city phenomenon from a managerial point of view. Design/methodology/approach – The compatibility between the smart city and the IC approach is explored thanks to a long-term, in-depth ethnographic exploration of the vast global community, which is created around the smart city movement. Large amounts of information were collected over four years through the in-depth analysis of five representative European case studies. Data gathering methods are diverse and include participant observation, non-participant observation, document collection and action research. In addition, more than 100 further international cases were investigated through website analysis, social network analysis and report analysis. The resulting vast text database was analysed through computer-assisted coding to allow data triangulation and bottom-up identification of emergent concepts. Findings – The analysis suggests that the smart city and IC views are highly compatible, and the systematic adoption of the IC approach could be very useful to study the managerial implications of the smart city phenomenon. On the other side, in order to effectively analyse a smart city context through the IC lens, the traditional IC framework needs to be extended for: (1) expected outcomes, which should also include sustainability, resilience and quality of life; (2) categories of key resources, which should also include institutional capital and environmental capital; (3) units of analysis, which should also include territorial systems, such as transportation or waste; and (4) key managerial challenges implied, which should include knowledge management, network management and project portfolio management. Thanks to these findings, this paper enlarges the conceptual horizon of IC through cross-fertilization with the smart city approach. As a final result, a smart city intellectual capital (SC-IC) framework is proposed. Originality/value – The SC-IC framework allows for a clear definition of the smart city organisation, as a new knowledge-based, project-oriented, network-shaped type of organisation. According to this view, the mission of a smart city organisation is to leverage SC-IC resources far beyond its own boundaries, in order to strengthen competitiveness, sustainability and the quality of life at the level of city system(s). Therefore, the SC-IC framework provides smart city research with a consistent rooting in management studies and identifies the key management challenges implied in the smart city phenomenon. Further, this paper contributes to the fourth stage of IC research.
""Taking into account the huge transformations operated in the political agenda with issues like globalisation, value creation, social welfare and new interconnection procedures through networks, we make an attempt to explore the rationales and consequences of the application of Intellectual Capital management systems to nations. We survey the relevant literature published recently on Intellectual Capital Reporting Models (ICRM). After the review, it is clear that research must cope with the inconsistencies arising from the mechanical translation of firm’s models to national ones. This is the so-called “micro-to-macro” transition, and we have tried to offer a useful insight on this issue, based on the “Intellectus Model”. Then, we deal with an integrated model and its application to the Madrid region. That is the “Intellectual Capital Reporting Model for Madrid” (ICRMM). This tentative practice shows the remaining difficulties (not available statistics, conceptual differences in national statistical systems, interactions among variables) that must be considered by further research efforts.""
Knowledge and Process Management
The purpose of this paper is to present an index that assesses the contribution of the intellectual capital (IC) to the value creation process of an organization. The index combines into a single measure the contributions of the individual IC elements on the basis of their strategic importance, their performance, and their reciprocal influence.Five steps, based on the Assessment and Management of Intellectual Capital (AMIC), are considered as essential to build up the index. First, a theoretical framework is developed to underpin the process of selection of the different IC categories. Then, further steps suggest how to aggregate, weigh, and normalize the value of the IC categories in order to build the AMIC index. The index has been implemented into the ‘Software’ community of innovation of Finmeccanica, which is the leading Italian group in Aerospace, Defence, and Security. We argue that the AMIC index can be successfully used to assess and verify the performance of the value crea...
Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that can be used to formalise a reporting model for intellectual capital (IC). Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes a reporting model with a formal definition and classifications of IC to analyse and report on the IC generated by a firm. Findings – This paper demonstrates that the field is maturing to one in which it is possible to analyse existing definitions and classifications of IC to construct a formal body of items that can be considered as IC for use in the study and application of IC. Practical implications – The paper presents a formal reporting model which can be used generally in the analysis of the IC generated from the production process of a firm. Originality/value – This study examines the characteristics of items that can be considered as IC in order to provide a formal classification system of IC that can be instilled in a reporting system which can be used generally in any organization that involves the use of IC.
Center for Business Performance, …, 2005
This paper investigates relationships between Intellectual Capital (IC) and value creation capability within local systems as well as the direct and indirect modalities through which IC supports and feeds the value creation dynamics. In accordance with Resource-Based View (RBV), Competence-Based View (CBV) and Knowledge-Based View (KBV) and through the theoretical model of the 'Knoware Tree', we provide an Intellectual Capital Index as an aggregated indicator for the evaluation of IC within local systems, and as a conceptual tool to inquire the links between knowledge resources and local systems development. Selected Italian Regions have been chosen as the empirical context of the research and ISTAT data has been used as the data source. The empirical evidence obtained via the statistical analysis confirms the existence of positive relationships between the endowments and the use of IC by the Italian Regions and the value creation capabilities of such regions expressed in aggregated form through a set of synthetic indicators. Moreover, the analysis allows to assert the existence of direct and indirect modalities through which IC sustains and seeds the value creation dynamics within the local systems.
IMES, 2019
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between intellectual capital and innovative development on the example of Russian regions. Design/methodology/approach: Authors have collected data on 85 Russian regions for the 2013-2016 years from Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System (EMISS) and Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Panel regressions with random effects were employed to estimate impact of intellectual capital, VAIC and their components on the indicators of regional innovative development. Findings: The regression analysis confirmed significant and positive impact of intellectual capital, VAIC, and their components on the indicators of innovative development of Russian regions. Human capital and its effectiveness have stronger impact on the innovative development of Russian regions than other components of intellectual capital and VAIC. Research/practical implications: The study results can be used by state bodies in the formation of innovative development strategies for future periods and in the development of measures to achieve the targets of the current strategy. Originality/value: This study empirically proved positive impact of intellectual capital, VAIC and their components on innovative development of Russian regions.
2017
The strategy of modern companies is shifting from the competitive positioning of the industrial structure to the business processes and internal factors that are specific to the company itself, such as different training and knowledge of employees, business culture, know-how, innovation learning skills, organizational climate, administrative skills, reputation. Unlike the previous period, in which the creation of values was directly dependent on the financial and available quantity of physical assets, while now in the era of knowledge, the emphasis is on the quality of knowledge and skills that will be incorporated into the final effects. This paper highlights the importance of intellectual capital for the company in contemporary conditions, its structure, its measurement. The focus is on processes and a model is shown -indicating the steps to be taken during the measurement of intellectual capital. A model of reporting on intellectual capital was also proposed.
Being the true source of competitive advantage in the 21 st century, intellectual capital of the companies is a well-studied topic in the literature. However, there still is a strong need to research its application in the national level. Considering these, this study proposes a model to measure the national intellectual capital. Its components and their indicators are weighed using AHP yielding a ready-to-use model. Then the model is used for 11 European countries and the results are discussed.
www.amfiteatrueconomic.ro, 2018
The role of intellectual capital as a developmental factor has been constantly growing in both private and public sectors. World literature presents a variety of models for intellectual capital (IC) measurement, but so far IC in local government units such as counties (2 nd tier local government unit in Poland) has been non-recognized. The purpose of this paper is to fill in this gap. The authors propose an original IC measurement concept developed on the basis of already existing models. The model was created following an analysis of the results of studies performed in local government units (counties) in Poland. The authors are of the opinion that the model can be used for developing IC measurement models for local government units in other countries.
2020
Purpose – The aim of the present research paper is to enrich the achievements of science through a description of a theoretical-methodological approach to measuring the national intellectual capital (NIC) along with its application in the evaluation of the European Union countries (2015).Research method – The synthetic indicator, describing the intellectual capital of the EU countries was quantified by using the TOPSIS method. The year 2015 is the study period. Results – The estimation results confirm the diversity of the intellectual capital level in the 28 countriesof the EU. The highest index value applies to Sweden. Romania takes the last – 28th place and belongs to the fourth typological group with a very low potential of intellectual capital. Originality / value / implications / recommendations – The new perspective on defining and taxonomy of intellectual capital (including ecological capital) is a kind of novum in this area. As a result, the elaborated ranking of the EU coun...
Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2004
To provide a theoretical model of the dynamics of intellectual capital creation in regional clusters and in inter-organizational networks. The model has been constructed on the basis of earlier studies, especially system's theoretical interpretation of organizations as knowledge systems, and then applied to the examination of a regional cluster operating in the mechanical wood processing industry in Eastern Finland. Intellectual capital in regional clusters is created by three main knowledge creation activities, each of which corresponds to a specific type of an inter-organizational network. First, production networks aiming at efficiency and replication should function according to mechanistic system logic, focusing on the enactment of rules and regulations. Development networks aiming at continuous incremental development, on the other hand, are most successful when adhering to an organic mode, which emphasizes participation, tacit knowledge sharing, dialogue and mutual adjustments. Finally, innovation networks seeking to produce new intangible assets benefit from a dynamic systems model, where entropy and spontaneous knowledge flows form the basis for mastering radical change. Model should be applied to more cases to ascertain its validity. Provides means for understanding, assessing and managing creation of knowledge-based value in inter-organizational collaboration. Addresses three gaps in existing research: it focuses on regional intellectual capital; it examines the ways in which intellectual capital is created as a dynamic process; it provides means for understanding the future potential of a region.
The opinions expressed in this paper are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD, the governments of its Member countries, the co-organisers, or the supporting organisations.
International journal of contemporary business and entrepreneurship
Technology parks are organizations that are supporting innovative entrepreneurial activity cooperating with knowledge-based institutions and using advanced technology. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of intellectual capital in technology parks. Through an analysis of current models for the assessment of intellectual capital, a preposition of a model for Croatian science and technology parks has been made. The main contribution of this paper is an intellectual capital measurement model which can be used in other existing science and technology parks, but also in research centers, entrepreneurial incubators and other entrepreneurship supporting institutions. Using the case study method, the paper identifies components of intellectual capital in a technology park, as well as the gaps between the level of development of each determinant. Data were collected through an interview with representatives of a technology park in Croatia. Results of this study can...
Sustainability, 2021
Intellectual capital is an overarching concept that includes the intangible, human-related factors that are relevant to the innovation process, such as human capital and social capital. In the present study, intellectual capital was assessed by indicators measuring different aspects of human and social capital. Factor analysis demonstrated the existence of three underlying factors, with all variables of the model having important contributions to them. A linear regression analysis indicated that 8 out of the 12 variables of intellectual capital used have a statistically significant impact on the measure of innovation output. These findings were discussed and their implications for policy were considered. The paper provides research evidence on the importance of intellectual capital for innovation output and discusses potential ways to achieve smart, sustainable and inclusive growth in the context of the next generation of sustainable smart specialisation strategies.
2017
Intellectual Capital is gaining importance in today's knowledge economy and plays a vital role in innovation, productivity growth, performance and competitiveness of organizations. The Intellectual Capital may include the following areas: human resources, organizational structure and processes, research and development, technology and rights related to intellectual property, and consumer networks and software providers. The purpose of this work is to measure the intellectual capital in an Algerian organization (or production system) using the Weightless Wealth Tool Kit “WWTK”. The results of the intellectual capital measurement are supplemented by traditional financial ratios. The measurement was applied to the National Company of wells Services (ENSP) in Hassi Messaoud city, in south of Algeria. We calculated the intellectual capital (intangible resources) of the ENSP to help the organization to better capitalize on its potential of workers and their know-how. The intangible va...
International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development, 2008
Theories that emphasise the new role of the region as unit of economic analysis and the territorial sphere most suited to the interactions of political, social and economic processes in an era of globalisation highlight the importance of intangible and knowledge resources for activating and enhancing regional development patterns. A concept that captures holistically the relevance of this kind of resources on regional socio-economy is Intellectual Capital (IC). This work proposes a multidimensional perspective of regional development based on the notion of value creation. Using Robust Canonical Analysis (RCA) with data of the Italian Regions, the relationship between ownership and use of IC and regional development is demonstrated empirically.
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