PUBLIC ATTITUDE REGARDING THE REUSE OF WASTEWATER
zerife yıldırım2021, DEĞİŞEN ve DÖNÜŞEN DÜNYADA MÜHENDİSLİK BİLİMİ: DİSİPLİNLER ARASI BİR YAKLAŞIM
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Abstract
Global concerns about water scarcity have led to studies and approaches to beneficial reuse of treated wastewater. Today, in many countries in the world, studies are carried out on sustainable water resources management and water efficiency in order not to face bad scenarios. The reclamation and reuse of used water is considered as a globally accepted solution alternative. Due to the decreasing fresh water resources, the treatment of waste water with appropriate methods and the evaluation of its reuse in various fields has become a necessity today. In order to eliminate the shortage of fresh water, the use of treated wastewater other than drinking water is encouraged. Studies show that treated domestic and industrial wastewater can be used in many areas such as agriculture, aquaculture, industrial, domestic and recreational use in many parts of the world.....................
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Wastewater treatment and water reuse
Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2018
Index 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Rationale of the wastewater treatment processes 3.3. Advances on wastewater treatment and reclamation 3.4 Objectives and requirements of wastewater reuse regulations 3.5 Conclusions 3.6 References Summary To implement tariffs and regulations on sanitation and wastewater treatment, as well as for disposal or reuse of treated effluents, it is necessary to know the treatment technologies, which one would be best adapted to the present circumstances of any site and finally if the treated wastewater can be disposed of, legally or reused complying the rules and regulations, in a safe way. Wastewater treatment has been evolving at different pace along the history, according to the increasing concentration of people in towns and cities. With the increasing pressures on water resources, concerns on how to find new resources capable to help reaching equilibrium within demand and offer arise. In this context, one of the main possibilities to cope with water scarcity is wastewater reclamation and reuse.
Wastewater Treatment and Reuse—The Future Source of Water Supply
Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 2017
Freshwater supply is critical for the survival of humankind. With the rapid growth of population and urbanization we are confronted with serious water scarcity. Wastewater treatment, recycle and reuse have now become important alternate sources of water supply. Wastewater is used water from domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities. This water if untreated may be harmful to both the man-made and the natural environment. Treating wastewater requires a comprehensive planning, design, construction and management of treatment facilities to ensure that the treated water is safe for human consumption and for discharge to the environment. The potential treatments include primary, secondary and tertiary treatment using mechanical, chemical and biological processes. Nowadays wastewater treatment plays an important role in providing safe water to ease water scarcity in some areas.
Review: Reuse of Treated Wastewater
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022
Water reuse generally refers to the process of using treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, nonpotable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supply. Its increased application has been facilitated by modern wastewater treatment processes that have advanced substantially during the twentieth century. Water Reuse is a reality at international. Several practices have emerged around the world as results of different needs, perspectives and policies. Accelerating development occurred in the past 15 years, especially in the application field of potable reuse. Technologies and treatment flowsheets have been studied and validated, demonstrating advanced water quality, safety and suitability for potable reuse applications. Reuse of wastewater after its treatment may be a good alternative for regions, which suffer from lack of pure water or have limited access to water resources. Effective water reuse applications require a combination of advanced treatment technologies. Increasingly these include a combination of low-pressure technologies MF/UF followed by NF/RO (high pressure) to provide a high-quality grade of water. Submerged membrane bioreactor systems (MBR) have also become a viable alternative for wastewater reuse technologies. Reuse technologies may be applied for municipal and industrial wastewater. Reuse of wastewater is only possible if sanitary and environmental safety is provided with no hazard for current ecosystem. That fact requires strict fulfilment of laws and regulation. Wastewater to be reused has to follow a certain sequence of treatment procedures to reduce concentration of pollutants in it. Water reuse (also commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation) reclaims water from a variety of sources then treats and reuses it for beneficial purposes such as agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes, and environmental restoration. Water reuse can provide alternatives to existing water supplies and be used to enhance water security, sustainability, and resilience that might be traditional methods (waste separation, sedimentation), methods of removal of certain components (nitrogen and phosphorus), disinfection.
Wastewater Treatment for Water Reclamation and Reuse
International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Management (IJIREM), 2023
Srinagar, located in the Kashmir Valley, faces significant water scarcity challenges due to population growth, urbanization, and limited freshwater resources. Though the valley is known for its rich water resources, the main city still faces significant water challenges that impact its environment, economy, and social well-being. In this context, wastewater treatment plays a crucial role in reclaiming and reusing water to address the city's water security concerns. This thesis focuses on exploring wastewater treatment technologies and strategies specific to Srinagar, Kashmir. The cost of reclaimed wastewater relative to other water sources and public acceptance of the reclaimed wastewater are the two main factors that determine the viability of wastewater reuse. For social efficiency, the choice of wastewater treatment must weigh a variety of factors and determine which combination will provide the highest net benefit. Presently 3 STP's namely Hazratbal STP, Laam STP, and Habak STP are functioning around Dal Lake under the control of LCMA (Lake Conservation and Management Authority) and these 3 STP's discharged the treated water in the Dal Lake. This thesis also focuses on saving the beautiful Dal Lake by diverting the treated wastewater from STP's around the Dal Lake for nonportable use like irrigating fields, landscape irrigation (public parks, playgrounds, green areas etc.), street cleaning, fire protection system, vehicle washing etc. In this study the water samples from the inlet and outlet of all three plants were analyzed for a duration of three months (May, June, July) for various parameters like Temperature, Dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, TSS, Phosphorous, Nitrogen content etc. in order to check its quality and usability for non-portable purposes. The quality of the effluent was compared with the standards. The results demonstrate that COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total suspended solids) and Faecal Coliforms have reduced enough according to CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) and USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) that this wastewater coming out of all three plants has no restrictions for use in agriculture but some parameters haven't decreased enough to be used for landscape irrigation, street cleaning etc. This study, therefore, tries to attract the attention of the concerned stakeholders for a relook at the purpose of increasing the efficiency by employing the most competent and technical people so that the same treated water can be used for all non-portable purposes.
Technologies of Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Reuse : Options of Application in Developing Countries
2016
In developing countries, a small proportion of the wastewater produced by sewer communities is treated. The accumulations of human and animal bio-waste are constant and unmanaged wastewater directly contributes to the contamination of locally available fresh water supplies. Additionally, the cumulative results of unmanaged wastewater can have broad degenerative effects on both public and ecosystem health. Domestic wastewater treatment is aimed to reduce the numbers of excreted pathogens to low levels and consequently the risks of further environmental transmission of emerging diseases are substantially reduced. Review article discussed how treated wastewaters can be profitably and safely used in agriculture, industries and aquaculture. In conclusion, an article revealed how innovative and appropriate technologies can contribute to wastewater treatment and reuse that are currently accepted in order to protect the environment, human being, and the animal health.
Potential of industrial wastewater reuse
Desalination, 2003
The potential of industrial wastewater reuse in Jordan is discussed. Industrial water requirements, wastewater production, types of pollutants in industrial wastewater and the technologies for wastewater treatment have been evaluated. A total of thirty industries have been reviewed. The total effluent from the thirty industries reviewed estimated at approximately 10,200 mVd. Of this amount, approximately 4,400 mVd are discharged to public sewerage system, which is about 3% of the total flow. The amounts of metals to be controlled are: 6800 kg/y, 3000 kg/y, 45 kg/y, 65 kg/y, 20 kg/y, 2 kg/y, 25 kg/y, 60 t/y and 8 t/y ofCr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Sn, Fe and A1, respectively. Nineteen industries, which discharge mainly organic polluted process wastewater, are food industries. Approximately 5.3 t of BOD/d is discharged from these industries. Of these, approximately 2.2 t BOD/d are discharged to the public sewerage system and about 3.1 t BOD are used for irrigation. It has been shown that most of the selected industries require some treatment of their wastewater. It is recommended to carry out further studies to establish the type of wastewater pretreatment strategies and their estimated capital cost. There is a need for the introduction of a cleaner technology in the selected industries. This could include substitution of raw and auxiliary materials, water and energy saving, recirculation of water, recovery of chemicals, improved process control, waste minimization, and good housekeeping.
WASTEWATER REUSE FOR AGRICULTURE
The present paper is based on a literature review and aims to tackle the most important aspects regarding the topic wastewater reuse with some recent examples, focusing on reuse in agriculture. Still in some countries the institutional and legal framework is weak or not existent or only referring to international standards (guidelines or laws) which are very general and most of the times demand very cost intensive solutions. An integrated planning approach is therefore necessary in case reuse of wastewater shall be one management alternative in a water stressed basin. Here the technological, economical and health aspect as well as the legal framework have to be considered. Therefore reuse of water is an interdisciplinary challenge for the present and for the future.
Sustainability of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse
2011
Sustainable wastewater management means meeting both current and future needs for secure disposal or reuse with a minimal health risk and ecological damage. However, the comprehensive reuse of treated wastewater in water scarce regions ultimately may cause a long-term concentration buildup of toxic chemicals in the closed-loop cycle of water supply and wastewater treatment and reuse. The problems of emerging pathogens and trace organic constituents such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), some of which are considered endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), may require the use of a quaternary treatment stage as an integral part of reclamation schemes to ensure drinking water quality effluents even for non-potable reuse applications. The quaternary stage may integrate a combination of processes such as activated carbon (AC) adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), and tight membrane separation processes such as Nano-filtration and Reverse Osmosis (NF, RO). The...
Reuse of effluent water – benefits and risks
There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban and rural environments. A major mechanism that can be used to achieve greater efficiencies is the reuse of water that once would have been discarded into the environment after use. The reuse of water for agricultural irrigation is often viewed as a positive means of recycling water due to the potential large volumes of water that can be used. Recycled water can have the advantage of being a constant, reliable water source and reduces the amount of water extracted from the environment. In addition, in some cases treatment requirements may be need to be less than for water used in an urban environment due to less potential human contact. There are concerns and unknowns, however, about the impact of the quality of the recycled water, both on the crop itself and on the end users of the crops. Water quality issues that can create real or perceived problems in agriculture include nutrient and sodium concentrations, heavy metals, and the presence of contaminants such as human and animal pathogens, pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors. Social attitudes to the use of crops that have been irrigated with recycled waters and the resulting impact on market value of crops are also a major consideration. This paper will discuss the benefits from using different types of recycled water and outline the current knowledge and opinions relating to risks such as water quality issues. Introduction Increasing efficiencies in crop management and the continuing increases in crop yields has increased demands on water resources for irrigation purposes. Effluents are reused for irrigation purposes in many countries around the world on all of the populated continents (USEPA 1992). A number of these countries have developed guidelines that give quality criteria and advice on how effluents should reused for irrigation purposes. Examples of these guidelines are summarised in the USEPA guidelines for water reuse manual (USEPA 1992).
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Water scarcity is one of the major problems in the world and millions of people have no access to freshwater. Untreated wastewater is widely used for agriculture in many countries. This is one of the world-leading serious environmental and public health concerns. Instead of using untreated wastewater, treated wastewater has been found more applicable and ecofriendly option. Moreover, environmental toxicity due to solid waste exposures is also one of the leading health concerns. Therefore, intending to combat the problems associated with the use of untreated wastewater, we propose in this review a multidisciplinary approach to handle wastewater as a potential resource for use in agriculture. We propose a model showing the efficient methods for wastewater treatment and the utilization of solid wastes in fertilizers. The study also points out the associated health concern for farmers, who are working in wastewater-irrigated fields along with the harmful effects of untreated wastewater....
Recycle and reuse of domestic wastewater
… developed under the auspices of the …, 2004
Reuse of wastewater for domestic and agricultural purposes has been occurring since historical times. However, planned reuse is gained importance only two or three decades ago, as the demands for water dramatically increased due to technological advancement, population growth, and urbanization, which put great stress on the natural water cycle. Reuse of wastewater for water-demanding activities, which, so far consumed limited freshwater resources is, in effect, imitating the natural water cycle through engineered processes. Several pioneering studies have provided the technological confidence for the safe reuse of reclaimed water for beneficial uses. While initial emphasis was mainly on reuse for agricultural and non-potable reuses, the recent trends prove that there are direct reuse opportunities to applications closer to the point of generation. There are also many projects that have proved to be successful for indirect or direct potable reuse. All the case studies presented in this article point towards the potential wastewater has to serve as a viable alternative source of water, in future.
Recycled Wastewater Usage: A Comprehensive Review for Sustainability of Water Resources
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Water recycling is a potential tool for reducing the dependency on traditional water sources, which would eventually reduce the likelihood of volumetric restrictions and their impacts on the water sector. Therefore, exploration, development, and use of alternative water sources are required for sustainable development. Scientific studies on the efficient and economical use of nontraditional water sources developed using the recycling process have attracted the attention of agriculturists, planners, and engineers for the last two decades. Recycled wastewater types, including greywater, sewage, stormwater, and industrial wastewater, have been discussed in this study. This article reviewed various forms of recycled wastewater, especially wastewater from treated sewage, and their effects on human health and irrigated environment. In addition, the necessity of exploration and usage of alternative sources of water in agriculture over traditional sources has also been reviewed. Legislation...
Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Eureau countries
Water Policy, 2001
Europe. Most northern Eureau countries have abundant water resources. There, the need for extra supply through the reuse of treated wastewater is not a priority, but the protection of the receiving environment is considered important. The situation is different in the southern Eureau countries, where the additional resources brought by wastewater reuse can bring significant advantages to agriculture (e.g. crop irrigation) and tourism (e.g. golf course irrigation). There, wastewater is reused but under very diverse regulatory environments. Therefore, considering its various potential benefits (protection of water resources, prevention of coastal pollution, recovery of nutrients for agriculture, augmentation of river flow, savings in wastewater treatment, groundwater recharge, and sustainability of water resource management, etc.), wastewater reclamation and reuse can be applied to the advantage of both northern and southern Eureau countries. In order to take advantage of its full potential, Eureau would like to become involved in setting up international best practices and guidelines related to the reuse of treated wastewater. Such criteria and/ or guidelines should contribute to a better management of water resources, a better protection of public health and of the environment and to a more sustainable development. Reclaimed wastewater is a reliable source of water that must be taken into account in formulating a sustainable water policy. To encourage wastewater reclamation and reuse in all Eureau countries and to establish its safe practice, European guidelines for most applications must be developed. #
Wastewater recycling and reuse
American Journal of Public Health, 1986
Bibliometric Survey on Reuse of Treated Wastewater for Agriculture
2021
The water is important for life after air but there is water shortage problem worldwide. The untreated wastewater pollutes fresh water resources. The reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation will reduce stress on freshwater and also provides nutrients. Wastewater had been reused for many generations, it was first discovered in 1973 and in continuation there onwards till today. The treated-wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops will reduce stress on freshwater and also provides nutrients. The main objective of this bibliometric study is analyze the research work done in the past in relation to wastewater treatment and its reuse. This paper also covers pros and cons of reuse of treated wastewater for agriculture. This survey shows majority of the publications are from Brazil followed by United States of America. The maximum publications related to reuse of treated wastewater are from conference and journals. It is also identified that the count of research articles per year i...
Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater: For Decision Makers and Practicing Engineers
Water Intelligence Online, 2012
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Global warming and wastewater treatment impact on climate .
Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation — Practices, Safe Reuse and Perspectives
Irrigation and Drainage - Sustainable Strategies and Systems, 2015
Assessing the public perceptions of treated wastewater reuse: opportunities and implications for urban communities in developing countries
Heliyon, 2020
Wastewater reuse has become an integral part of Integrated Water Resources Management and thus plays a role in securing the water needs for future generations. This study aimed at determining the perceptions of Canaanland, an emerging urban community in Ogun State, Nigeria, on treated wastewater reuse for several purposes. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to the city residents (n ¼ 244). Findings revealed that the city was aware of the economic and environmental benefits of wastewater reuse but would prefer reuse schemes that involved less human contact such as flushing toilets, electricity generation, building construction, and car wash. The least preferred option was for potable purposes. The community also revealed that they would be willing to accept wastewater reuse as long as it is endorsed by medical doctors, university professors, and experts. However, 45.5% of the respondents were from the Covenant University academic environment. Also, an assessment was carried out to ascertain the implications and opportunities for wastewater reuse in the city. Findings indicated that wastewater reuse involves several complexities and interlinkages, which revolve around political and decisional factors, economic and social factors, environmental factors, and technological factors. From the study, policy and decisional suggestions and a wastewater process flow were developed for more efficient wastewater management within developing cities. A study was carried out on eight cities from developing nations that have created a framework for wastewater management using several approaches. Also, a summary of findings reveals that if adequately researched, cheap and alternative means of wastewater treatment and reuse could be developed for electricity generation, carwash, and firefighting for developing nations. The result of this research can be used to address public anxieties regarding wastewater-reuse practices. Additionally, this study hopes to aid successful wastewater management schemes in the foreseeable future.
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