Photonic Crystal Fibres PCF for Different Sensors in Review

Journal of Sensors, 2012

Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential for sensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.

Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37498)

Since the first experimental demonstration of a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) in 1996 by Knight et d.', the optical properties and the fabrication of such fibers have attracted significant attention. The fiber structure with a lattice of air holes running along the length of the fiber provides a large variety of novel optical properties and improvements compared to standard optical fibers. The stack-and-pull procedure used to manufacture PCFs is a highly flexible method offering a large degree of freedom in the fabrication of PCFs with specific characteristics. A few of the remarkable optical properties of silica based PCFs are described and their applications within sensors are summarized.

European Journal of Scientific Research

A simple structure of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) for gas sensing and chemical sensing has been proposed in this paper. Index guiding properties of proposed PCF have been numerically investigated by using finite element method (FEM). From the numerical result, it is shown that the relative sensitivity and confinement loss depend on geomatrical parameters and wavelength. The relative sensitivity is increased by a increase of the diameters of central hollow core and innermost ring holes and confinement loss is decreased with a increase of the diameters of outermost cladding holes. By optimize the parmeters, the relative sensitivity is improved to the value of 20.10%. In this case, the confinement loss of the fiber is 1.09×10 -3 dB/m.

Sensors

In this review paper some recent advances on optical sensors based on photonic crystal fibres are reported. The different strategies successfully applied in order to obtain feasible and reliable monitoring systems in several application fields, including medicine, biology, environment sustainability, communications systems are highlighted. Emphasis is given to the exploitation of integrated systems and/or single elements based on photonic crystal fibers employing Bragg gratings (FBGs), long period gratings (LPGs), interferometers, plasmon propagation, off-set spliced fibers, evanescent field and hollow core geometries. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of strain, temperature, displacement, air flow, pressure, liquid-level, magnetic field, and hydrocarbon detection are briefly described.

SpringerPlus, 2016

Background Fiber optic technology is not bounded in just telecommunication purposes as it was first excogitated. Day by day new applications of optical fiber has been emerged. Photonic crystal fiber broadens the applications of optical fiber not only in communication but also in wide areas by diminishing the limitations of the conventional fibers. In photonic crystal fiber, a bunch of tiny microscopic air holes remains along the entire fiber (Russell 2003; Knight 2003). Index guiding PCF and photonic band gap PCF are the two kinds of PCFs. In photonic band gap PCF the light is guided by photonic band gap mechanism where the core is large air core (Fini 2004). Another type of PCF is index guiding PCF where the core is solid having a higher refractive index than the cladding part (Hoo et al. 2003; Monro et al. 2001). For some unique and exceptional features PCF has been used for nonlinear optics (Ebendorff-Heidepriem et al. 2004), optical coherence tomography (Humbert et al. 2006), high-power technology (Lecaplain et al. 2010), multi wavelength generation (Pinto et al. 2011), super continuum generation (Dudley et al. 2006) and spectroscopy (Holzwarth et al. 2000). In recent years due to the advancement of technology the PCFs are used for sensing of toxic and harmful gases (Morshed et al. 2015a, b, c), chemicals (Ademgil 2014; Park

SPIE Proceedings, 2015

Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have special structures and offer a number of novel design options, such as very large or very small mode areas, high numerical aperture, guidance of light in air, and novel dispersion properties. PCFs have become an attractive field for the researchers and they are trying to work on these to get their properties applied in dispersion related applications, sensing applications and much more. PCFs sensors are widely used in bio-medical applications. The sensitivity and performance of sensors are enhanced due to novel applications of PCFs. This paper outlines a novel design for a generalized biomedical sensor by collaborating PCF and electro-optic effect of Lithium Niobate () based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017

Photonic Crystal Fibres (PCFs) developed using nanostructured composite materials provides special optical properties which can revolutionise current optical sensing technologies. The modal and propagation characteristics of the PCF can be tailored by altering their geometrical parameters and material infiltrations. A drawback of commercially available PCF is their limited operating wavelengths, which is mostly in the infrared (IR) spectral band. Nanostructured composite materials manipulates the optical properties of the PCF, facilitating their operation in the higher sensitivity near infrared (NIR) wavelength regime. Hence, there arises a need to closely investigate the effect of nanostructure and composite materials on various optical parameters of the PCF sensor. This paper presents a hexagonal PCF designed using COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 5.1 software, with a nanostructured core and microstructured cladding. Propagation characteristics like confinement loss and mode field diameter (MFD) are investigated and compared with various geometrical parameters like core diameter, cladding hole diameter, pitch, etc. Theoretical study revealed that a nanostructured PCF experiences reduced confinement losses and also improved mode field diameter. Furthermore, studies are also carried out by infiltrating the cladding holes with composite materials (liquid crystal and glass). These simulations helped in analysing the effect of different liquid crystal materials on PCF bandwidth and spectral positions.

2016

Optical fiber is a thin hair-like fiber made of silica or plastic that is used to transmit data. It consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding. There are many kinds of fiber like Step Index MMF, Graded Index MMF, Silica doped fiber, plastic fibers, Photonic Crystal fiber, Fluoride fibers etc. Among the various types of fibers used in communication system, Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF) are widely used due its unique structure and tendency to work in two different modes i.e. Index Guided Mode and Band Gap Mode. PCFs are widely used in spectroscopy, meteorology, bio-medicine, imaging, telecommunication, industrial machinery etc. This paper is an overview of PCF modes and its various properties.

2021

This paper describes the study of photonic crystal fiber structure modeling for optical fiber sensor design using COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. The use of photonic crystal fiber enhances the phase matching between optical fiber core guided modes and plasmon modes. PCF bring new strength to the fabrication of optical sensors since its distinctive capability of guiding the evanescent field penetration. There are certain number of airholes in the PCF fiber which runs along the length of the fiber. For enhancing the sensitivity of the fiber, some parameters of the air-holes needs to be changed and then the structure is simulated with multiphysics software. By improving the width and depth of resonant curve, which are the two critical parameters, the PCF sensor biosensing performance can be enhanced.

Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2017

In this paper, a highly sensible photonic crystal fiber based on a modified hexagonal structure has mentioned and demonstrated modal analysis precisely. Numerical investigation of the proposed fiber is rigorously computed using full vector finite element method (FV-FEM) with anisotropic perfect match layers. Liquid analytes are used here to infiltrate fiber core. Relative sensitivity is numerically investigated and optimized by varying the different parameters of the proposed structure at a wider wavelength regime 1.0-1.7 lm within IR region. The proposed simple structural PCF shows higher sensitivity as a chemical sensor for lower refractive index chemicals such as Water, Ethanol and Benzene. Moreover, some essential properties such as confinement loss, V parameter, spot size, beam divergence, and nonlinearity are also represented distinctly. The proposed PCF gains higher sensitivity of 53.22%, 48.19% and 55.56% for Ethanol, Water and Benzene respectively at 1.33 lm wavelength with lower confinement loss. Above result reveals that proposed fiber is capable to provide potential impact in telecommunications, chemical sensing as well as biosensing also.