Elang Jawa

ORNITHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 2006

President Soeharto, the former President of the Republic Indonesia declared the Javan Hawk-eagle as a national symbol in Presidential Decree No. 4/1993 (Resit Sözer, Vincent Nijman, Iwan Setiawan, Sebastian van Balen, Dewi M. Prawiradilaga & Johanes Subijanto unpublished) because of its resemblance with the myth Garuda. Previously, the Javan Hawk-eagle was considered as one of the least known raptor species in the world (Meyburg et al. 1989). In order to provide basic data on its distribution, several surveys have been con

, however, mentioned its obscure status and thought it "probably severely threatened by habitat destruction"; according to his rating system of present knowledge of all eagle species of the world, it receives the lowest possible rating of 12 points, only given to four other species. To lift some of the mystery which surrounds this eagle and to discover something of its status and range, in August 1986 three members of the ICBP/IUCN World Working Group on Birds of Prey (B.-U. Meyburg, J.-M. Thiollay and R.D. Chancellor) visited Java, where they covered 4,500 km in search of this and other raptor species . For most of the time they were joined by S. van Balen, who is studying the forest birds of Java for his dissertation. Since it was known that the Java Hawk Eagle is a true rainforest species, only the best preserved forest areas were investigated. Tropical forest raptors are notoriously difficult to census and it is not possible to obtain an accurate figure of density within a short space of time. However, this eagle may soar over the forest canopy in fine weather, at least once in mid-or late morning, for 10-20 minutes. This gives a fair probability of seeing, even during a short time, at least one member of each territorial pair from a good lookout post. We accordingly selected vantage points outside the forest or in a large clearing, preferably above the canopy level, from which to watch out for raptors soaring or flying over the forest, or perched on dominant trees. All counts were made between 30 minutes after sunrise and 30 minutes before sunset. Between 0900 hours and 1200 hours was the time of peak activity for this and other soaring raptors. Display flights usually occur over an extended season and are a good indication of an established pair. Calls, uttered by some adults during apparently normal soaring flights, are almost as indicative of a resident pair. Widely separated adults simultaneously soaring or displaying independently are likely to belong to different pairs. All sightings, movements and distances were recorded and marked on detailed maps. The relatively short time spent in each locality was more than counterbalanced by constant attention, exclusively focussed on raptors, aided by usually suitable weather conditions. The success of this narrowly-aimed survey is confirmed by comparison of the results obtained here in the Mt. Gede/Pangrango National Park with the status of this species as given by , summarising the data gathered by several ornithologists over more than 70 years. On more than ten occasions we saw single birds as well as one family, whereas Andrew cites only few records and no evidence of breeding.

and Technology Doctoral thesis for the degree of philosophiae doctor Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Biology ©Jan Ove Gjershaug ISBN 82-471-7936-9 (printed ver.) ISBN 82-471-7935-0 (electronic ver.

Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

Nisaetus bartelsi is a native hawk from Java which its genetic information is not commonly understood yet. As a part of the conservation effort to maintain genetic diversity of this endangered species, this research aimed to obtain COI gene sequences from five individuals of N. bartelsi to confirm its position in the phylogenetic tree. DNA isolation from 5 N. bartelsi blood sample was performed and its COI gene sequence was amplified, sequenced, and used to reconstruct phylogenetic tree using MEGA6 with several other members of Nisaetus, Aquila, and Saggitaridae family. Furthermore, the intraspecific distance between 5 N. bartelsi samples and interspecific distance with other species were calculated using MEGA6. The result suggested that all five individuals belonged to the species Javan hawk-eagle (N. bartelsi) and were closely related to the Blyth’s hawk-eagle (Nisaetus alboniger). The DNA barcoding of the Javan hawk-eagle conducted in this study is a stepping stone to conservatio...

Contributions to Zoology, 2001

The endemic Javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi is considered threatened with extinction because of its small population size and fragmentation of its habitat on the densely populated island of Java, Indonesia. Like many other tropical forest raptors little is known about many of its population parameters. Research was carried out from 1980 to 2000 in order to assess the status of this species. Its presence was confirmed throughout the island in both wet and dry climatic zones. Home range sizes were calculated to range between 12-36 km2, and comparison with published estimates suggests that these may differ significantly between areas. Encounter rates are in the order of 0.1-0.9 birds per survey day, and were significantly higher in areas with a short dry season compared to areas with a long dry season. Based on field-observations, museum skins and captive birds, the adult: non adult ratio is 1: 1.3. An assessment of habitat quality for all large areas where Javan hawk-eagles have b...

E3S Web of Conferences, 2021

The release of a rehabilitated raptor, defined as an effort to release the raptor back into nature, have been done in Indonesia; however, only about 2% were monitored for more than one year. This is because long time intensive monitoring using simple observation equipment is difficult to do because of limited resources. Thus, more modern equipmentoneof which is satellite radio used in this researchneeds to be used. The use of satellite radio to monitor the movement of rehabilitated raptors was carried out for the first time in 2018 for juvenile male Javan hawk-eagles (N.bartelsi) and adult female Changeable hawk-eagles (N.cirrhatus). The results of the monitoring of these two types of raptors showed that they mostly used forested areas close to water sources. Both types of eagles had the farthest flight distance with an average distance of ± 1,000 m / day occurring at week 4. Thus, it can be concluded that the rehabilitation efforts for these eagles were successful and that they had adapted to their new habitats as wild raptors.

Bird Conservation International, 1999

SummaryThe Javan Hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi is endemic to the island of Java. Severe habitat fragmentation and small population size, aggravated by illegal hunting have put this rainforest species on the list of threatened bird species. Intensive searching since 1986 resulted in the discovery of a large number of localities additional to the historic ones. All known locality records of Javan Hawk-eagle have been scrutinized and are listed in the present paper. Confirmed post-1980 records are from 24 forest fragments of varying sizes: 10 (including 28 discrete localities) in west, seven (including 14 discrete localities) in central and seven (including 20 discrete localities) in east Java. The configuration of available habitat in forest clusters is evaluated. The co-existence with other threatened bird taxa, and the need for further field surveys and studies of the Javan Hawk-eagle are discussed.

Biodiversitas, 2024

The Javan Hawk-Eagle (JHE) (Nisaetus bartelsi) is an endemic bird of prey (raptor) on Java Island that is increasingly threatened due to land conversion, habitat destruction, and illegal hunting. These factors have led to its classification as a critically endangered species. There is a need to monitor one of the natural conservation areas in the southern region of East Java, namely the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, which serves as a habitat for Javan hawk-eagle to preserve the existence of this species. Therefore, this research aimed to understand and identify the daily activity and feeding behavior of Javan hawk-eagle in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach, Malang, East Java. The implication of this research is to provide ecological data for further research and disseminate information to the community to support conservation efforts of Javan hawk-eagle species in the protected forest of Kondang Merak Beach area. The methods used included field surveys, observation of daily activity and feeding behavior, collection of daily temperature data, habitat assessment, disturbance assessment, and interviews. Based on the observation of daily activity, the percentage of perching behavior was 71%, while flying behavior was 29%. The peak flying activity occurred between 9:00 and 12:00. Environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, and human activities influenced daily activity in the conversation area. The observation of feeding be havior showed that the highest frequency belonged to the category of 23 occurrences, where the peak occurred between 14:00 and 17:00. Furthermore, the activity was affected by nesting seasons and the presence of other raptor species besides Javan hawk-eagle.

Vertebrate Zoology, 2021

Multiple molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated that two Neotropical raptors, tiny hawk Accipiter superciliosus and its sister species semicollared hawk A. collaris, are not closely related to core Accipiter, and that A. superciliosus, at least, possesses osteological characters not replicated in the remainder of the genus. Based on these data, there is a need to recognise their distinctiveness at generic level. However, as recently noted in two global bird checklists, no name is available to accommodate them, so we provide a new nomen here. Furthermore, two Asian accipitrids, crested goshawk A. trivirgatus and its presumed closest relative Sulawesi goshawk A. griseiceps, are also phylogenetically distinctive; in this case the genus-group name Lophospiza is applicable. We also designate type species for two genus-group names (Hieraspiza and Eusparvius) currently in the synonymy of Accipiter, and, as an aid to future workers, we provide a synonymy of the genus Accipiter and...