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2012
In Chapter 1, I find that stock characteristics do predict a stock's time-varying liquidity beta, i.e. its sensitivity to market, with the effect varying according to the assumed holding period using data on 30 small, medium, and large cap stocks between 1997 and 2002. I also find that liquidity is a priced factor for stock return even after controlling for market and stock measures of risk such as estimates of market volatility and stock level volatility. In order to mitigate problems arising from a small panel, I also test the returns model with ARCH errors on a larger sample of 2000 stocks. Chapter 2 accounts for endogenous liquidity in a standard asset pricing model. Loss of liquidity, especially during times of crises, needs to be incorporated into models of financial assets so as to forecast returns correctly. To identify the effect of endogenous stock liquidity
We review the theories on how liquidity affects the required returns of capital assets and the empirical studies that test these theories. The theory predicts that both the level of liquidity and liquidity risk are priced, and empirical studies find the effects of liquidity on asset prices to be statistically significant and economically important, controlling for traditional risk measures and asset characteristics. Liquidity-based asset pricing empirically helps explain (1) the cross-section of stock returns, (2) how a reduction in stock liquidity result in a reduction in stock prices and an increase in expected stock returns, (3) the yield differential between on-and off-the-run Treasuries, (4) the yield spreads on corporate bonds, (5) the returns on hedge funds, (6) the valuation of closed-end funds, and (7) the low price of certain hard-to-trade securities relative to more liquid counterparts with identical cash flows, such as restricted stocks or illiquid derivatives. Liquidity...
Malaysian Journal of Business and Economics (MJBE)
This study investigates the impact of liquidity risk on stock returns in the Malaysian stock exchange using the LCAPM model of Acharya and Pedersen. This research employed firm-level equity data involving 419 continuously listed firms in Bursa Malaysia from January 2000 to December 2018. The study employed LCAPM asset pricing model tested using Fama-Macbeth two-stage cross-sectional regression. The findings suggest that the covariance between stock illiquidity and the market return is not priced in the Malaysian stock market. While, the other explanatory variables are significant in explaining the cross-sectional variations of stock returns, but only two variables; the commonality in liquidity and net liquidity risks are correctly signed. The evidence is limited to Malaysian corporations listed in the Main Market of Bursa Malaysia. These findings show some new evidence on the application of the LCAPM model in the emerging markets by using the closing per cent quoted spread impact (C...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010
This research studies the effects of macroeconomic factors on liquidity, focusing on the pricing of liquidity. By applying cross-sectional tests, we obtain the monthly price of liquidity. Overall, the results show that the growth rate in industrial production has significant contemporaneous effects on the price of liquidity. Interestingly, macroeconomic factors, especially the rate of growth in industrial production, have significant predictive power on liquidity pricing when the market is in recession. This study provides evidence that the pricing of liquidity is time-varying and can be partially explained by business cycles and the rate of growth in industrial production. The findings will also help us understand the sources of commonality of liquidity.
Global Finance Journal, 2015
This paper tests the relation between expected excess stock returns and illiquidity risk in international markets. By conducting panel regressions on monthly data of the G7 markets for the period January 1990 through March 2009, we find evidence that excess stock returns are positively correlated with market illiquidity risk but are negatively associated with the innovation of firm-level illiquidity. The supporting evidence applies to all of the G7 markets. The findings in this paper are consistent with the U.S. evidence in the liquidity literature while controlling for traditional asset pricing factors. This study supports the notion that liquidity can be viewed as a price factor in advanced stock markets. When we apply the model to the portfolio data, the evidence shows that the market illiquidity risk effect and the firm-level illiquidity innovation appear to be different, whereas the market-level illiquidity risk has a more profound effect on excess stock returns for large stocks, growth stocks, more liquid stocks, lower idiosyncratic risk stocks, and lower skewness stocks, while the innovation from firmlevel illiquidity has a stronger effect on small stocks, value stocks, more illiquid stocks, higher idiosyncratic risk stocks, lower skewness stocks, and lower kurtosis stocks. Comparing illiquidity effects between up and down markets, it is evident that illiquidity affects stock returns more consistently during periods of decline in market returns.
European Financial Management, 2011
This paper investigates whether liquidity and liquidity risk are priced in Japan. Using modified Amihud illiquidity measures, we find both cross-sectional and time series evidence that liquidity is priced in the Japanese stock market during the period 1975-2006. The evidence is largely consistent with Amihud's (2002) findings in the US market. We further employ the liquidity-adjusted CAPM proposed by Acharya and Pedersen (2005) to examine whether liquidity risk is priced in Japan. Consistent with Acharya and Pedersen's findings in the US, we show that liquidity risk is priced in the stock market, in addition to the liquidity level. These findings strengthen the confidence that liquidity is a determinant of stock returns.
Asian Economic and Financial Review, 2015
Using data from 16 developing countries and 10 developed countries between January 2000 and December 2013, this study examines the relationship between liquidity and stock index return. The empirical results show that the higher market liquidity (trading volume, turnover ratio, and turnover volatility), the higher stock index return in developing countries. Conversely, the market liquidity (trading volume, turnover ratio, turnover volatility) corresponds negatively with return in the developed countries. During the crisis, however, the relationship between market liquidity and return show mixed results. While trading volume and turnover stays positive, yet the other liquidity measures become insignificant. In particular, for developed countries, only Amihud significantly affects return. Our results are robust even after controlling dividend yield, exchange rate, and regional stock market beta.
International Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 2016
Negative relationship between stock's return and its liquidity suggests that illiquid stocks are riskier than liquid stocks hence illiquid stocks should earn more return. Researchers subsequently considered liquidity as another variable for asset pricing when they found commonality in liquidity. Earlier studies tested stock and market liquidities independently. We therefore further test the relationship of stock's return with its liquidity relative to market-wide liquidity by a relative measure linking the individual liquidity with market-wide liquidity. Results confirm the negative relationship between stock's return and liquidity, but the relationship is non-linear and the relative measure of liquidity complements the liquidity measures used in prior studies. We find that fluctuations in relative liquidity do not have positive effect on stock return, raising a question whether variability in liquidity captures liquidity risk.
Social Science Research Network, 2013
The question of whether liquidity is priced is a subject for a huge volume of papers in the asset-pricing literature. Asset-pricing theory suggests a negative relationship between these two variables as investors demand higher returns to compensate for less liquid stocks. However, the empirical evidence is not unanimous. This paper investigates the relationship between liquidity and stock return in Vietnam by employing an updated dataset of market and financial data of listed companies in the Ho Chi Minh City stock exchange ranging from 2007 to 2012. Our results suggest that the relationship between liquidity and stock returns is different in Vietnam stock market. In other words, we document a reliable positive relationship between liquidity measures and stock returns and negative relationship between illiquidity measures and stock returns. However, we do not find evidence in supporting the relation between risk associated with fluctuation in liquidity and stock returns.
Applied Financial Economics, 2009
This paper examines whether the traditional characteristic liquidity premium can be explained by market liquidity risk. We find that after adjusting for Pastor and Stambaugh market liquidity factor, the level of traditional liquidity remain priced. Also, consistent with previous studies on market liquidity and asset pricing, we do not find stock characteristics or Fama-French factors determine the impact of liquidity level on stock return. More interestingly, we document that the well-known size-return relationship might simply a proxy for the liquidity-return relationship. Our results are consistent in both time series and cross sectional frameworks as well as robust in both NYSE-AMEX and Nasdaq exchanges.
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 2010
This paper offers a rational explanation for the puzzling empirical fact that stock returns decrease with an increase in the volatility of liquidity. We model liquidity as a stochastic price impact process and define the liquidity premium as the additional return necessary to compensate a multiperiod investor for the adverse price impact of trading. The model demonstrates that a fully rational, utility maximizing, risk-averse investor can take advantage of time-varying liquidity by adapting his trades to the state of liquidity. We provide new empirical evidence supportive of the model.
2020
The study examines the liquidity adjusted capital asset pricing model in developed and emerging markets. Amihud measure is used to compute market liquidity. Innovations in Amihud ratio are generated through the autoregressive process to avoid autocorrelation in illiquidity data series. Decile portfolios based on illiquidity cost are formulated for each stock market. Liquidity adjusted betas are calculated at the portfolio level and then stocks as test assets have been used in the regression stage. Panel regression with fixed effect has been employed on LCAPM specifications for explaining the excess stock returns of developed and emerging markets during a period July 2005-June 2017. The findings of the study support that individual and aggregate liquidity risk price in stock markets except for Pakistan. The results of the study suggest that investors institutional or individual should consider liquidity risks for assessing the worth of assets.
2016
We study the relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Our model shows that the relation may be either positive or negative depending on parameter values. Asset liquidity improves stock liquidity more for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets (i.e., firms with less growth opportunities and financially constrained firms). Empirically, we find a positive and economically large relation between asset liquidity and stock liquidity. Consistent with our model, the relation is more positive for firms that are less likely to reinvest their liquid assets. Our results also shed light on the value of holding liquid assets.
Liquidity is said to be the lifeblood of stock markets. It has prominent implications for traders, regulators, stock exchanges and the listed firms. In recent years a huge amount of literature has emerged that deals with liquidity. This article classifies and organises the literature and provides a critical review of the frameworks currently available for modelling liquidity and its macroeconomic and firm specific drivers. Commonality and intraday behaviour of liquidity in various markets is discussed under the umbrella of market microstructures. Subsequently, liquidity risk as a factor in Asset pricing is analysed taking various models in to consideration. Finally, the study reviewed the impact of liquidity on corporate finance decisions viz. dividends, firm valuation, stock split, capital structure etc.
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